Social & Culturally Appropriate Behavior-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Ethical, Social and Culturally Appropriate Behavior. Answer: Presentation Inquiries concerning the moral, social and socially proper conduct in associations emerges from the authoritative goals(Hammer, 2000, p. 455). Tower protection is a business in the protection business of New Zealand. Contentions emerge when the association participates in deceptive practices. This report features manners by which the protection association gets dishonest. The organization covers a wide assortment of spreads including vehicle, characteristic substitution esteem, mishap, risk spread among others. Utilitarian and deontological moral issues emerge in the protection business on account of the individual obligations and aggregate guidelines. The report utilizes hypothetical ways to deal with depict these. Clients have blamed insurance agencies for inability to give pay in different issues. There have been questions about acceptable strategic approaches by safety net providers and lawful specialists delegated to catch up on the spreads for the benefit of the customer. The Fredrick Hertzbergs hypothesis clarifies this dissatisfaction(Gawel, 1997) Arguments against and for the insurance agencies decides the buyers choices concerning a portion of the spreads and the job of self-inspiration for buyers and representatives as individual people. Albeit self-inspiration pushes customers to embrace individual arrangements, others like the vehicle protection are compulsory necessities from national laws. Proficient lead decides the achievement of the business (Schermerhorn, et al., 2004). Individual spreads for cell phone, gems and home office hardware, uncover the worth set on material things. Standards of Business Ethics (Section 1) When defining authoritative objectives, the normal closures decide the objectives. Social protection and value contributions might be faulty yet the opposition in the business shows that it has business openings. Tower protection isn't clear about its official objectives yet its usable objectives give solid strides towards guaranteeing a protection policy(Limited, 2017). Rule of exposure It isn't certain whether the showcasing strategies utilized impact the buyer decisions however insurance agencies have a test of staying consistent with their business terms through the exposure rule. It expresses the significance of responsibility in business. Tower protection gives sufficient data about its procedure for getting the case. Regardless of whether this is a promoting system or an endeavor to pick up purchaser trust, it is clear that hierarchical objectives demonstrate legitimacy(Hatch Cunliffe, 2012, p. 269). Comparable cost and administration first guideline The association among hypothesis and practice where administration precedes benefits is disputable. The companys presentation of innovation in its case structures and procedures means that cooperative attitude to make the case procedure viable. Be that as it may, there have been grievances about protection online framework disappointment and hazard assessment during the estimating process(Ngu, et al., 2012). Tower Insurance is a business substance out to make benefit consequently it doesn't work like not-for-profit associations, which advance social great. In any case, its goal of bringing in cash needs a plan of action with a money related procedure pleasing to partners. Heart in business and soul of administration Changes in the business condition causes a move in the board rehearses. The Psychosocial and social procedures affecting protection strategies and the soul of service(Fotaki, et al., 2012). Individual and gatherings shape the hierarchical conduct subsequently moral contemplations likewise center around these determinant factors. These components clarify the connection among experts and clients in the association. Individuals have recognitions and individual qualities, which spur their actions(Pinder, 2014, p. 389). Business procedure and Ethics Morals is about shared advantages and individuals need to profit by it. As per Crowther Guler ( 2008, p, 100-115) CSR methodology as a morals technique presents jobs for everybody in the association. At the point when the association develops in benefits, it needs to improve its workers pay rates and guidelines. It should likewise offer clients a decent arrangement. One of these significant difficulties is in keeping up morals in business by consolidating human aspects(Miles, 2012). The protection business as the focal point of center has its own hindrances. CSR rehearses improve the general public through enormous advantages. Tower protection should likewise dodge monopolistic control of the business condition. Proficient Behavior in Organizational Management (Business Section 2) The structure for business morals has an establishment on moral theories(Hagen, 1965). The contemporary hypotheses bolster conventional and regulating hypothetical methodologies. In business, the graphic hypotheses portray the moral circumstances while the regularizing gives the general principles to conduct controls(Turner, et al., 2014). It additionally gives rules to solid rivalry and business practice. Utilization of Descriptive Ethics for business substance Unmistakable morals investigations the ethical activities in the protection business for purchasers and business connections (Koh, et al., 2014). Tower protection has business obligations towards customers just as partners. Out of line rivalry in which organizations dismiss contenders isn't right. Some moral components managing business esteems include: Responsibility in estimating Genuineness with contenders and customers Trust with customer data and protection mode Faithfulness to client and industry rule Reasonableness while recruiting representative Regard for different brands Adhering to the legitimate structure Demonstrating worry for customers and workers Responsibility to obligation and greatness A business increases a decent notoriety as a result of its satisfaction of good obligations and commitment to wellbeing. This implies the business needs to sell items and administrations that advance the benefit of human life(Crowther Guler, 2008, p. 76). The way that Tower Insurance has guarantee handling headings on its site is a system to depict its picture as genuine. This proves to be useful in light of the fact that the business has a deluge of misbehaviors highlighting inability to repay the customers. Morals and elements of supervisors Business is the mix of personalist and basic great or uprightness ethics(Sison Fontrodona, 2012). Administrative choices base their decisions on moral remaining in accordance with the association. The protection business explicitly needs to stick to exclusive requirements since it has a human face. Its endeavor to amplify on benefits to the detriment of the buyer brings down believability with respect to the brand and its industry. Key brands have contemplations for genuine belief just as gathering viability. Binding together these points of view improves the presentation of the association. Morals secures the association in the present just as the long term(Grant, 2016). Overseeing change in a worldwide business where best practice is the fundamental factor of inspiration implies Tower Insurance needs to stand apart from the group with extraordinary approaches. Morals for purchasers Normal great in promoting implies a brand will showcase itself capably. Tower Insurance utilizes legitimate words that persuade the customer without introducing a negligence. Clients should keep an eye out for deception of organization items in strategy and cheating its premium. Moreover, giving lacking data keeps the customer from completely understanding the spread. In spite of the fact that business is tied in with willing purchaser, willing vender, the open needs assurance from exploitation.(Ford Richardsine, 2013). It is entirely expected to discover deceiving adverts in print and advanced media. At the point when Tower demonstrates that a customer can seek after a case, it ought to be so. Moral Dilemma (Section 3) Moral problem in business happens when people need to pick between doing the correct things and wrong things(Trevino Nelson, 2016). Globalization accompanies dangers to human presence and the manageability of nature. Along these lines, associations need to embrace a multidimensional administration approach that considers CSR as corporate planning(Crowther Guler, 2008, p. 129). Overseeing associations in a worldwide situation has difficulties and advantages. The interest for superior brought about by rivalry in the market condition antagonistically influences the biological system prompting new patterns in CSR(Daft, 2014, p. 68). Inspirational Theories Maslow Self-realization hypothesis by Abraham Maslow shows how individuals make decisions(Maslow, 1943). These may seem right to certain individuals yet for some it isn't right. In business, self-realization needs or most elevated needs incorporate exceeding expectations through experience or presentation. Here and there the lawfully right choice clashes with individual qualities. The protection association, state laws and individual standards set moral principles in this case(Crane Matten, 2016). The graph clarifies how a representative in protection can rise as a pioneer through self-completion. Figure 1: Explanation of Maslows chain of command and employment fulfillment (Dempsey, 2012) From the above outline, self-completion needs, for example, interests, self-improvement, preparing, and innovativeness rouse people to the correct activities. In social issue, individuals need to fulfill their mental needs first. A decent pay gives a confirmation of arrangement of essential needs. The lower level needs of security given by a decent workplace urges work gatherings to succeed. At the point when groups succeed, the group chief gets acknowledgment for the presentation thus potential for additional growth(Daft, 2014, p. 144). ERG Theory An improvement of Maslows hypothesis is the ERG hypothesis by Clayton Aldefer(Aldefer, 1972), which expresses that individuals increment capability due to related requirements including physical health. In New Zealand, clinical protection is one of the most disputable in protection cases and compensations.(Dunedin Monika, 2014). Tower Insurance clinical costs plan offers to provide food fo

Do you think the strategic Essay

Do you think the key use and show of feelings serve to secure representatives, or does covering your actual feelings at work lead to a larger number of issues than it unravels? By farhanzscania As this section has appeared, feelings are an inescapable piece of people’s conduct at work. Simultaneously, it’s not so much certain that we’ve arrived at a point where individuals feel great communicating all feelings at work. The explanation may be that business culture and decorum remain ineffectively fit to dealing with plain enthusiastic presentations. The uestion is, would organizations be able to turn out to be increasingly savvy about enthusiastic administration? Is it ever fitting to holler, chuckle, or cry at work? A few people are suspicious about the excellencies of increasingly passionate showcases at the working environment. As the part notes, feelings are programmed physiological reactions to nature, and accordingly, they can be hard to control properly. One 22-year-old client care agent named Laura who was the subject of a contextual investigation noticed that dread and outrage were routinely utilized as strategies to control workers, and representatives eeply hated this utilization of feelings to control them. For another situation, the executive of a significant TV station made an act of shouting at representatives at whatever point anything turned out badly, prompting severely hurt emotions and an absence of devotion to the association. Like Laura, laborers at this association were reluctant to demonstrate their actual responses to these passionate upheavals inspired by a paranoid fear of being marked as â€Å"weak† or â€Å"ineffectual. † It may appear as though these people worked in intensely passionate working environments, yet truth be told, just a thin scope of feelings was esteemed satisfactory. Outrage has all the earmarks of being more satisfactory than trouble in numerous associations, and outrage can have genuine maladaptive outcomes. Others accept associations that perceive and work with feelings adequately are increasingly imaginative, fulfilling, and beneficial. For instance, Laura noticed that on the off chance that she could communicate her hurt emotions unafraid, she would be considerably more happy with her work. As it were, the issue with Laura’s association isn't that feelings are shown, yet that passionate showcases are taken care of inadequately. Others note that utilization of passionate information, ike having the option to peruse and comprehend the responses of others, is urgent for laborers extending from sales reps and client support specialists right to directors and administrators. One review even found that 88% of laborers feel being delicate to the feelings of others is a benefit. The executives expert Erika Anderson notes, â€Å"Crying at work is transformative and can make the way for change. † The inquiry at that point is, â€Å"Can associations find a way to turn out to be better at permitting enthusiastic presentations without opening a Pandora’s box of upheavals? â€Å"

Why Securing Your Call Center Can Prevent Damage After A Data Breach

Why Securing Your Call Center Can Prevent Damage After A Data Breach Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Why Securing Your Call Center Can Prevent Damage After A Data BreachUpdated On 29/07/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : SecurityShort URL : https://hbb.me/2Kd5qoF CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogDespite new data security regulations across the EU and the U.S., data breaches are on the rise. In the context of these data breaches, call centers are in a unique and fragile position. Call centers are already vulnerable to traditional data breaches. However, if your identity verification process is weak, your call center could unknowingly provide cybercriminals with access to customer accounts.How cybercriminals use personal informationOnce a cybercriminal steals personal information from a corporation, they’re going to use that information in every way possible for personal gain. For instance, they might use social security numbers to open credit cards and make purchases. The y might also call the victim’s bank and attempt to gain control of their account.  If you’re running a call center, you need a highly secure process to verify the identity of callers that includes information unlikely to be obtained through a data breach. Here’s what you can do:1. Get PCI Level 1 certified immediatelyCall centers are vulnerable to data breaches just like any other business. Your first priority should be to tighten up your security protocols to prevent hackers from stealing your customers’ data. Getting PCI Level 1 certified is the first step. Certification states that your company can manage up to 6 million Visa and MasterCard transactions per year.There are 12 requirements your call center must meet to become certified. These requirements deal with network security, end-to-end encryption, access control, tracking and monitoring network traffic, regular testing, and enforcing a security protocol.To become certified, Global Response says a call center must:Co mplete annual on-site audits by a PCI-SSC-accredited Qualified Security Assessor (QSA)Complete annual penetration testing via an Approved Scan Vendor (ASV)Complete attestation and payment card industry data security standard PCI DSS compliance documentationCertification ensures you remain PCI compliant and serves as proof of your compliance to your customers. You can’t afford to guess at whether you’re compliant on your own. Non-compliance is costly. Failure to comply with PCI regulations will result in higher banking fees and fines after a data breach.2. Verify uncommon, unique informationMost call centers ask for basic personal information to verify a caller’s identity. Unfortunately, that information is what gets stolen in a data breach. For instance, in 2014, Home Depot was the victim of a data breach that compromised customer debit cards. The thieves took advantage of weak authentication methods used by automated phone systems and successfully changed the pin numbers.READ Protecting Files in the Age of RansomwareTake identity verification one step beyond the usual. Require your customers to provide a unique piece of information to verify their identity â€" information they need to set up when they open the account. For example, some credit unions require customers to provide a “code word,” even in person, in order to access their account without a photo ID.Although people will generally use the same code word wherever it’s asked for, a hacker is unlikely to have obtained a person’s code word from a data breach since they usually target small businesses that don’t have a use for code words.3. Employ multi-factor authenticationMost people are used to social media requirements for multi-factor authentication. Once you log in with a password, you need to verify a code provided to you via text message or a phone call. It’s smart to set your call center up with the same type of system.  Your two-factor authentication system could be as simple a s requiring customers to retrieve a code sent via text message or email.  Don’t let your guard downIn 2017, there were more than 2,200 publicly disclosed data breaches in the U.S. that exposed over 6 billion records. That was before reporting requirements were increased.  According to data published by CNN, the average hacking attack costs U.S. companies $15.4 million. Although denial of Service Attacks have historically been the most costly attacks, GDPR violations are more expensive. For instance, one violation can result in a fine of up to 4% of annual global turnover or €20 million â€" whichever is greater.Don’t let your guard down. You need to protect your customer data not just from hackers, but cybercriminals looking to take advantage of call center weaknesses. Using two-factor authentication is no longer optional.

Criminal Activity During The 1920s - 2140 Words

Criminal activity during the 1920s played a major role throughout the entirety of the decade, as it related to the newfound culture the Roaring Twenties entailed. As the nation strove to achieve the American Dream, parties, money and social representation became a main contribute to an individual’s persona. As these factors were sought to be obtained, many criminal engagements were enacted. These crimes included but were not limited to, bootlegging, organized crime, scandals and murder, which were set by the infamous Al Capone and the Mafia, with contribution to the corruption of the FBI, the KKK and their racial and religious prejudice, Leopold and Loeb, and Warren G. Harding, in relation to the Teapot Dome Scandal. All of these acts are relative to modern society as they paved way for greater emphasis on civil and political issues in the following decades, as society began to regard national security and pushed toward a movement to enact stricter laws and regulations toward s individual matters. The 1920s was a â€Å"time of great criminal activity, with prohibition laws in America and the world in an economic depression† (Nash, 1). Organized criminals such as American mobsters thrived during this time. Al Capone, Bonnie and Clyde, and John Dillinger were the most well-known of the gangsters at the time, many of the common people looked to these criminals as â€Å"heroes†. There were a tremendous amount of people who turned to criminal activity; mostly because jobs were scarce andShow MoreRelatedThe American Of American History Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagescolonial gang in an effort to eliminate British influence in America, the definition of the word gang has transformed into an entirely different meaning. One common definition of a gang is a group of three or more individuals who engage in criminal activity and identify themselves with a common name or sign.This more sinister transformation of the word gang, has become the leading sovereignty against the fight for justice. These new evil gangs have also played an integral role in American historyRead MoreThe Street Empire916 Words   |  4 Pagesshare of economic prosperity, but none as thriving as the 1920s era, labeled the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. The 1920s era saw great political and social change to the United States society. The US economy blossomed, and the nations total wealth more than doubled in the 1920s era. As a result of this social and political change as well as the success of the economy, transformed many Americans into a consumer society. The great economic success during the time period also created an excess of money to spendRead MoreCriminal Activities of the Roaring Twenties1119 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal activities of the Roaring Twenties The Roaring Twenties were aptly named: they were indeed roaring with music and dance, but also with gangsters and criminals. The Great Depression having affected everybody, all were in need of money and ready to do whatever it took to get some. This is why the Roaring Twenties were a decade of bootlegging, bank robbing, and corruption. The first important criminal industry of the 1920s was bootlegging. Bootlegging consisted in illegally supplying orRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagestactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements and violence against opposing gangs(Yauncey). Capone was a very successful criminal throughout the 1920s which earned him fame during his time. Opposing gangs were notRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties678 Words   |  3 PagesOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties The 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to manyRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to many str eet gangs, all with one man at its helmRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Organized Crime917 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 19th century there were various issues that were occurring that launched an epidemic of organized crime, in the United States problems with organized crime were mainly seen in a social, political and cultural spectrum. During the 19th century, various problems were erupting causing conflict within society, large numbers of immigration had occurred, the majority had come from China and Ireland. When the Chinese arrived to the United States they were mostly utilized as workers for the railroadsRead MoreThe Prohibition Of The Nineteenth Century885 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1920s, United States had begun a 13 years’ nationwide prohibition on alcohol. The reason for such serious legislation was due to gambling, drug addiction and alcoholism problem during the nineteenth century. However, the power of eighteenth amendment had exclude medical and religious purposes alcohol. Therefore, the law created a loophole for home production and medical alcohol. Despite the fact that manufacture of wine, malt liquor and distillery had significantly decreased after prohibitionRead MoreEssay on Prohibition in the United States1500 Words   |  6 Pagesleading to corruption and the â€Å"cure† was worse than the original problem (Sifakis 725). The number of crimes increased during the Prohibition which caused organized crime to be very â€Å"popular†. Many criminal groups had a regular income of money through illegal actions such as drinking and selling alcohol (Organized Crime and Prohibition 1). Alcohol increased the organized crimes during Prohibition through loopholes in the 18th Amendment, speakeasies, doctor’s prescriptions, and bootlegging. BootlegRead MoreThe Failed Experiment that Was Prohibition Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesProhibition In the 1920s, the 18th Amendment banned a persons right to manufacture and purchase liquor. Banning the transportation, manufacture,and sale of â€Å"intoxicating† beverages was known as prohibition, the most controversial law of that century. Prohibition was strongly supported by the government and women in America that were being abused. Important groups of that time being the â€Å"Dry’s† and the â€Å"Wet’s†. Opponents of prohibition consisted of men who felt that they deserved the right to

A Critical Reflective and Analytical Research Based...

A critical reflective and analytical research based written conceptualisation and therapeutic plan for a common human problem in Cognitive Behaviour Psychotherapy terms. This essay has been particularly difficult for the writer to achieve due to the challenges they face in the transition from a Person Centred Counsellor to a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist in Training. The writer hopes to achieve a comprehensive critical reflection and analytical research based on a common human problem that has been assessed in the clinical setting. The essay includes Padesky five area systems and a disorder specific conceptualisation, including a diagram, which can be found in the appendix. The essay is research based; including information about†¦show more content†¦Taking all researchers in thoughts into account and the therapist’s own experience, CBT does work in giving structure to a client’s therapy and recovery and equally the client’s relapse prevention. To ensure IAPT services’ are working to a high standard in September 2007 the Department of Health published The competences required delivering an effective cognitive and behavioural therapy for people with depression and with anxiety disorders (Anthony D. Roth and Stephen Pilling, DOH, September 2007). The publication was the result of a project commissioned by the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, with additional funding from Skills for Health and the Centre for Outcomes, Research and Effectiveness (CORE). This project stemmed from a recognition that the success of the IAPT initiative would rest on the success of competent practitioners who were able to offer effective CBT interventions at both a low and high-intensity level. Roth and Pilling describe a model which identifies the activities that characterise effective CBT interventions for people with anxiety and depression. The model organises the CBT competences into five domains (generic, bas ic, specific, problem-specific and met competences) and presents a ‘map of how the competences fit together. In their report they outline a variety of potential uses for the CBT competence framework, including its use in

Song of Lawino - 1437 Words

Song of Lawino: Cultural Duality and Universality Song of Lawino by Okot p’Bitek centers on the main narrator Lawino’s plea towards her husband, Ocol, who shuns his old Acholi background for Westernization. Lawino implores Ocol not to abandon his heritage but rather accept both Acholi and Western cultures; as noted, cultural duality serves as the prime theme in Song of Lawino. Through the character of Lawino, p’Bitek conveys his message that Acholi and Western cultures could be fused in the era of Westernization. In making his point, p’Bitek employs techniques, namely the language, diction, syntax structures, imagery, and figures of speech, to ensure that Song of Lawino supports both Acholi and Western characteristics. Furthermore, the†¦show more content†¦For example, p’Bitek applies positive imagery when he portrays an Acholi woman in the arena, ready to dance: â€Å"The tattoos on her chest / Are like palm fruits, / The tattoos on her b ack / Are like stars on a black night; / Her eyes sparkle like the fireflies / Her breasts are ripe / Like the full moon.† (442 – 448). Immediately, the reader notices words and phrases, such as â€Å"palm fruits,† â€Å"stars on a black night,† â€Å"fireflies,† and â€Å"full moon,† which all relate to the natural world. In contrast, p’Bitek presents indecent imagery to delineate the environment â€Å"dances of the white people† take place in: â€Å"Some dungs are red like ochre / Others are yellow / Like the ripe mango, / Like inside a ripe pawpaw. / Others are black like soil, / Like the soil we use / For smearing the floor. / Some dungs are of mixed colours! / Vomit and urine flow by† (600 – 608). From this section, phrases like â€Å"ripe mango,† and â€Å"ripe pawpaw† also pertain to the nature. However, the depiction of the Acholi dancer emits an aura of fruitfulness and serenity, whereas the Western dances are rather filthy. This brings up an interesting aspect, as p’Bitek works with metaphors and similes associated with the nature in both cases, yet the two instances yield dramatically different effects. The enticing figures of speech indeed bring the two scenes in the spotlight; however, as opposed to supporting bothShow MoreRelatedSong of Lawino1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe son of lawino Literary analysis In the poem Song of Lawino racism reared its ugly head in a rather ridiculous form, some people might argue that any form of racism is ridiculous, which is very understandable, but in this particular situation in my opinion it is worst than the segregation in America throughout the early part of the century 20th century. It’s called self hatred, self hatred is a very uncommon form of racism and it can appear in any ethnic group but its black self hatred thatRead MoreA study on Okot pBiteks works Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol2281 Words   |  10 PagesSong of Lawino and Song of Ocol ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Okot pBitek worked as anthropologist, poet, novelist an even footballer which led him to go and being educated in England on law and anthropology and later literature. He differed himself from other African writers who wrote in western styles and in western point of view. He has chosen an African tool to express himself, a tool associated with oral tradition of Africa. He called it song. He published his works in Acoli language howeverRead MoreTypical Ib A1 Hl English Exam Question2270 Words   |  10 Pagesused for the opposite effect of giving the poem a personal and intimate appeal. Although this does not necessarily mean that the poem does not have universal applications. This method of narration is used in the epic poem Song of Lawino by Okot p’Bitek. The persona Lawino is a prominent female member of the African Acoli tribe. p’Bitek uses her character as a spokeswoman and advocate of traditional African customs. Lawino’s character dislikes her husband’s behaviour as well as the other African’sRead MoreRole of African Elites in Dismantling Decolonization5146 Words   |  21 Pagescinema. (Beti: 1964:65) Colonial education taught Medza everything that is irrelevant to his African life. In Charles Mungoshi s Waiting for the Rain, Lucifer similarly feels alienated from his homeland because of his colonial education. In Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol, Okot P Bitek laments a situation in which colonial education emasculates the emerging African elite: my husband s house is a dark forest of books . . . /Their manhood was finished in the classrooms, their testicles were smashed

Issues Of Strategic And Change Management Essay Example For Students

Issues Of Strategic And Change Management Essay Possibly, every administration wants to originate a direction system and scheme that could keep the administration ‘s capableness, strength and fight. It is of import that the direction squad and the administration per Se should ever open their head for alterations that they might meet in order to get by and accommodate to the latest development that are go oning within and outside their environment. Therefore, this paper will discourse and measure a large-planned organizational alteration that would assist Lakeland Wonders to accomplish its mission and to last with the stiff competition. Specifically, this paper will analyze the organizational alteration that would be imposed in Lakeland Wonders. As stated, this paper had selected Lakeland Wonders based in Minnesota. This company had late adopted a peculiar alteration direction brought by their new CEO, Cheryl Hailstrom. This new CEO has come aboard with full of fire and enthusiasm to alter things rapidly with the aim of doing dramatic betterments in the ways work is done. However, issues like gait of alteration, method of execution, opposition to alter, organizational civilization, accepted norms and patterns, credence of new leading, human self-respect and other jobs at work were possibly non carefully considered and tactfully handled. The company Lakeland Wonders produces high-quality wooden plaything. It has three workss in Minnesota with about 5,000 employees. The company has applied a certain alteration direction focused on offshore fabrication. Before be aftering for this peculiar undertaking, the company had made an extended rating of its installations, fabricating capablenesss and labour direction. Analysis The outstanding profitableness public presentation of a turning figure of houses is non accidental-these houses net income because they have built first direction systems. This does non intend that there is anything mechanical or bureaucratic in the manner they operate. Quite the antonym ; these houses shape their procedures and methods so that they work together for high public presentation. These houses perform good because they are designed to turn in net income, size and direction capableness. Their CEOs/managers concentrate on the behavior, schemes, procedures and steps that must work together as a system to happen and fulfill clients. There are many factors that can be considered to increase organizational public presentation in accomplishing administration ends, and some experts are sing the construct of public presentation direction. Hence, the chief intent of this paper is to analyze whether the direction attack of the CEO adheres to the accomplishment of organizational ends. The CEO, Cheryl Hailstrom In seeking to alter the civilization of Lakeland Wonders, where did the CEO, Cheryl Hailstrom, travel incorrect? It can non be denied that the lone invariable in this universe is change, many people particularly those in the concern sphere find themselves usually accommodating. In this mode, the Lakeland Wonders is ne’er an exclusion. This is because alteration can convey approximately so much betterment in certain facets. In many ways, alteration can do work easier, pave the manner for future inventions or by and large better people ‘s lives. Similarly, alteration has been adopted by assorted work administrations for varied grounds. Known as alteration direction, companies and concerns are incorporating alteration into their work schemes so as to be competitory and more efficient. Due to the jobs and the mark growing that have been distinguished by this company, the CEO, Cheryl Hailstrom has decided to make a program in relation to alter of direction. As mentioned earlier, Cheryl Hailstrom wanted to use alteration direction for installations, care unit, fabricating procedure and human resource direction. Chiefly, her major aim is to use alteration direction procedure in order to heighten their mark market by embarking to offshore fabrication and to fulfill their clients. However, Cheryl Hailstrom as new CEO should be cognizant of the civilization of the company. She should hold regard to the Lakeland Wonders history. Actually, she uses excessively bossy, baleful, coercive leading since she wanted her people to follow her manner without acquiring people involved. She surely needs to acquire the cooperation of the people involved in order to hold successful alterations in direction. With respects to ethical issues, Cheryl Hailstrom should be able to take considerations of what would be the reaction of their employees to the alterations that would be imposed. Furthermore, she should hold seen to it that her employees have undergone critical accounts about the grounds why the alteration of direction system and scheme is needed for a certain facets within the company. Cheryl Hailstrom should besides give the employees adequate clip to get the hang the accomplishments and proficiency of their employees from care, communicating services and human resource direction in using the alterations made by the administration. This is done by supplying them adequate preparations and orientation to explicate the alterations made. Actually, the leading accomplishments of Cheryl Hailstrom are of import for the company. The rubric of being main executive officer can be utilised by any single nevertheless possessing the rubric does non automatically makes a individual a leader in a true sense. Harmonizing to Haddock and Manning ( 1995 ) being a true leader must be obtained through inspiring and actuating people to give their best and a successful leader commits herself to her administration or group and nurtures the same sort of committedness to its members. In add-on, harmonizing to Haddock and Manning, a successful leader has the undermentioned traits: Knows her occupation and her field exhaustively. Corsets on top of current development, tendencies, and theories. Knows her people, including their strengths, failings, hopes, and ends. Shares a vision of service, excellence, moralss, and accomplishment with others. Demonstrates by her words and actions strengths of character and unity. From these traits presented by Haddock and Manning ( 1995 ) , Cheryl Hailstrom should carefully measure herself and made the possible alterations to go a successful Chief executive officer in Lakeland Wonders. Chemical reactions to Changes What were the reactions to the ways she implemented the alterations? How did these reactions impede her programs? â€Å" Workers are assets † has become the dominant symbol of late twentieth-century direction. In some ways, it represents a worthy lift of employees to the position they deserve. Peoples are, after all, the main engine of prosperity for most administrations. Executives and direction gurus likewise sing the congratulationss of worker assets with a assortment of overleaping phrases. But why spend clip contemplating this common managerial look? The ground, merely set, is that linguistic communication affairs. Indeed, some sociologists believe that the kernel of direction is adept usage of linguistic communication to make significance ( Pfeffer, 1994 ) . Confucius, when asked what he would make if he ruled a state, said that his first act would be to repair the linguistic communication ( Pfeffer, 1994 ) . To leaders, they represent a tool non simply to depict world, but besides to make it. To perceivers, they provide a window onto the managerial landscape. Thingss turned around over the old ages, and we entered the Age of the Employee Asset. â€Å" Employees are our most of import assets † became the look of pick for one-year studies and imperativeness releases. But the phrase frequently had a hollow ring. When asked to rank strategic concern precedences, respondents placed puting in people behind client satisfaction, fiscal public presentation, fight, and quality of merchandises and services. Therefore, if Cheryl Hailstrom genuinely treated people as valuable strategic assets, she would see that a competent, dedicated work force is a requirement for success in any of these other countries. Investing in people would certainly take on a higher precedence. This Chief executive officer should understand that outsourcing in Lakeland Wonders could intend lost of occupations. She should calculate that the company ‘s image might endure if it was outsourced. She should besides carefully evaluated and have a feasibleness analysis t hat in set uping an offshore base for Lakeland Wonders is non every bit easy as wink of an oculus. She needs to joint scheme, vision, mission, short term A ; long term aims and ends of the company in order to decrease misgiving, hapless communicating, unpleasant surprises, deficiency of openness and fright of terra incognitas between her and stakeholders ( e.g. employees, managers ) . Management Approach In what ways could she earn the undivided support of her direction squad for her programs and presentation at the Board meeting? In puting up an offshore fabrication works, different facets of direction must be considered and given importance to be able for the company to come up with good programs for execution. Because Lakeland Wonders needs to be every bit productive as possible to make the growing expected by the board of managers, to use their cherished resources, to run into their client demands, and to remain competitory with similar administrations, they must follow and implement a good trade of direction. Management is the chief factor finding the productiveness of labor, therefore, the irresistible impulse for higher productiveness in Lakeland Wonders demands high-ranking work force resources. Therefore, through operations direction constructs, Lakeland Wonders will be able to efficaciously implement direction schemes that would be relevant to their programs of seting an offshore fabrication subdivision. Chiefly, runing programs involve planning, with a given accent on assigning a specific period or clip for a specific undertaking. In puting up an offshore concern, thorough and careful planning must be made to place the different several hazards that must be given consideration for a more effectual operation. Theoretically, operational planning trades in aggregative or mean values of variables in the system, such as merchandise demands, equipment capacity, standard costs, and stock list degrees ( Davenport, TO 1999 ) . Second, organizing is another of import facet to take note of, and involves the attack of entire quality direction or TQM. With TQM, the whole administration can pull off alteration and put their ain dockets with the overplus of new external force per unit areas. This is another relevant attack for puting up an offshore concern, for it aims to make a choice civilization, which has a end of pleasing their clients ( Davenport, TO 1999 ) . A 3rd facet to indicate out is the importance of resource allotment, which dictates or restrains the pick of ends and scheme ( Hopkins, 1994 ) . Resource allotment and budget is an of import facet to take note because in seting up a offshore fabrication, direction of resources would find the extent of engineering and work force that the offshore fabrication may hold, therefore, money and budget determines the capableness of Lakeland Wonders to supply extended services and characteristics to its consumers. Following facet that must be given importance is supervising and measuring, which includes cognition of how to better public presentation given institutional considerations and restraints ( Hopkins, 1994 ) . Monitoring and evaluating must be developed prior to puting up an offshore fabrication, to guarantee the smooth and unflawed operations of the outsourced section. Child Abuse EssayThere are different schemes in Change direction. In Empirical-Rational scheme, alteration is based on the communicating of information and the proffering of inducements ( Nickols, F. 2006 ) . Normative-Reeducative alteration ( Nickols, F. 2006 ) is based on altering the bing norms and values and debut of new 1s. In power-coercive, alteration is the consequence of exerting power and baronial countenances ( Nickols, F. 2006 ) . In environmental-adaptive, alteration is based on making a new administration and transferring of the people to this new administration ( Nickols, F. 2006 ) . From the analysis, it is of import that the company, Lakeland Wonders or the Chief executive officer of Lakeland Wonders listens to the employees ‘ sentiments about alteration. The employees, directors, CEO and company proprietors should understand how each one feels about alteration. The direction should measure which alteration is of import and needed. It will be of great benefit if the direction implements large simple alterations that will turn to the issues inside the administration. A Petrochemical company based in Bahrain said that it has implemented Dr. Spencer Johnson ‘s ‘ schemes in the administration. It has proved to bring forth positive consequences non merely in footings of company growing but besides led a positive alteration in the manner the employees view themselves. Dr. Spencer ‘s â€Å" Who moved my cheese † stressed out the importance of the employees in the administration. Abdul Rahman Jawehery, general director of a petrochemical company based in Bahrain said that GPIC has been utilizing Johnson ‘s book and it ‘s schemes for the past eight old ages. It is of great import that the company considers the employees and listen their feedbacks sing alteration. The company should do alterations that will profit the full administration. The employees must be introduced to different engineerings and methods that will better their productiveness and easiness of work. Management of alteration requires a clear sense of mission and intent. These purpose and ends will find the alterations that the company requires. It is of import that the people in the administration know their functions and understand the direction alteration wholly. Keep communicating barriers low. Allow people to speak and show their feelings about alteration. Possibly the infinite between the new administration design heahded by the new CEO, Cheryl Hailstrom and implementing it into actuality is the whole coverage of administration alteration and development. As mentioned in the debut, people are adaptative to alter. However, certain accomplishments must be present from the instigators of alteration so as to successfully implement their undertaking. Therefore, directors need to hold the necessary abilities non merely on observing what needs to be changed but besides how to present the alteration efficaciously. Therefore, in this reappraisal of related literature, some of the attacks, common jobs, influences, instance surveies and best patterns in alteration direction will be analysed in relation to the research job. A figure of attacks can be done in order to present alteration direction in the administration. There are attacks that are more focussed on what is needed to be changed, still others emphasise on how alteration can be accomplished. Leavitt had defined three attacks to administration, which includes construction, engineering and people ( Leavitt, 1964 ) . New formal guidelines and processs like administration chart, budgeting methods, regulations and ordinances can besides be structural attacks on bring oning alteration. On the other manus, rearrangements in work flow through new physical layouts, work methods, occupation descriptions and work criterions can be done as technological attacks. Some administrations stress on people attacks which includes changes in attitudes, motive and behavioral accomplishments. This can be done through new preparation plans, choice processs, and public presentation assessment strategies. Other descriptions have focused more on the how attacks to organ isation alteration. Based on one study from old surveies on alteration direction, seven attacks often used by directors had been identified ( Greiner, 1967 ) . These attacks had been categorised into three: the one-sided power, which focuses on altering a constituent of the administration ; shared power that emphasises on turn toing alteration through group treatment and understanding ; and delegated power in which certain alteration accelerators or agents are in charge of circulating alteration. Both Leavitt ‘s and Greiner ‘s constructs are both utile in relation to alter direction and its application. However, if one will analyze, the attacks differ in many ways. For case, the structural attacks are instead formal and impersonal, while people-inclined attacks are more humanistic and democratic. Gaining this, CEOs/managers are to see the nature of their work environment in order to implement the most applicable attack to originate alteration. In the same manner, the Lakeland Wonders had made an rating of the company ‘s demands and jobs before implementing alteration. Harmonizing to Barbeschi ( 2002 ) , the procedure of doing an administration is at the same time the growing and care of relationships among persons who are working towards a common end and the existent achievement of undertakings, separately and jointly. In any administration, there exist two dimensions ( Barbeschi, 2002 ) . The proficient dimension includes elements that are by and large seea ble but difficult to decode like the control systems ( recruitment mechanisms, administrative regulations and processs, etc. ) , constructions ( sections and divisions and physical installations ) , and techniques and processs ( public presentation, working methods ) . There are four alteration direction schemes to take from, these are the empirical-rational scheme, normative reeducative scheme, power-coercive ( Bennis et al, 1969 ) and the environmental-adaptive scheme ( Nickols, 2004 ) . In the first scheme, persons are rational and follow their self-interest one time revealed. Herein, alterations are fundamentally based, on the communicating and the tendering of wagess. For the normative-reeducative, the people are considers as societal existences attached to alone cultural norms and values. Here, the alterations focus on redisposition and redefining of the bing norms and values of the administrations and accommodating to new development brought about by alterations. On the other manus, for the power-coercive techniques, the people are the primary submissive and will likely make what they are asked or can be made to make. In this mode, the alterations are based of the employment of authorization and the irritation of countenances. And in conclus ion for the least technique, the people are described as oppose loss and intervention but these people are more likely to accommodate new fortunes. This means, that the alterations here are related to edifice of a new administration and bit by bit outsourcing people from the old to new. In conformity with the literature, as stated in the work of Leavitt ( 1964 ) , and Benne et Al ( 1969 ) the attack made by the Lakeland Wonders is related to the alteration direction procedure of the people and the engineering that it utilises which is known as the empirical-rational scheme. The undertaking directors and the direction squad who initiates the alteration direction procedure have been able to make its nucleus duty in finding the jobs encountered by the whole administration in the execution of the undertaking. After such, rating of the jobs, the squad who conducted the alterations that the company will be taken, the squads have besides provided certain solutions to each pf the jobs. Thru, thorough probe and rating of the company, they have found out that the company is truly in demand of the alteration direction program. And through strategic planning which is needed in carry oning any organizational alterations, the company has provided adequate clip to look into the current jobs of the company, make a necessary alteration direction program that will run into the demands for the company ‘s demand and implement the program, strategically in relation with the studied made by some experts. Furthermore, during the application and execution of the alteration direction program, the company and the undertaking directors do non stop its duties ; alternatively, for them it is merely the beginning of more complicated jobs. When, the alterations were implemented like when the package plan, communications services, human resource direction and the care unit were all being enhanced, the direction squad who imposed the alterations of direction and scheme for the company, has conducted its ain rating in order to cognize the jobs that the new imposed direction system had brush. And since all the employees bec ame really vocal about it, the company had easy known the job and instantly supply a solution for the interest of the stakeholders and the organisation/company every bit good. Decision Change direction is a procedure wherein all sectors in the society undergo. It is a important procedure because it allows the administration to make determinations that will be good to the employees and the company. Furthermore, administrations that are accept alterations are normally more successful comparison to companies that resist it. In a globalise market, new engineerings and process are emerging quickly, in order to maintain up with this advancement a company must be willing to accommodate to direction alterations. Lakeland Wonders needs change direction peculiarly with its selling, stock list, and public presentation of the employees in order to maintain up with the competition that quickly becomes a immense menace in the administration. Addressing alterations peculiarly in the human resource will straight profit the company because the public presentation of the employees will either help in the betterment or failure on the public presentation of the company. Investing in t he human resource is of import because they are the front line drives of the administration. Efficient forepart line drives guarantee the success in winning the conflict of competition within the industry.

African Americans in Americas Prison Systems

Introduction Statistics by various federal bureaus about the incarceration rates in United States reveals that there is a steady rise on the number of crimes and this is the reason why U.S. prisons experience a constant increase of the number of locked up criminals. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on African Americans in America’s Prison Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Laurence (2009), America has the highest number of locked up criminals seconded by Russia and majority of them are non-white citizens. A good example is California, a world reputable state due to its stable and large economy. Statistics Approximately fifty two percent of California State is made of non-white citizens. The statistics indicates that the state has social and racial tolerance but the prison population is approximately 70% non-whites with 32% being black Americans compared to the state population of 7% Africa n Americans citizens (Laurence, 2009). When comparing between the general population and those who are incarcerated, 32% is a very high percentage. The black populace in U.S. prisons is therefore high due to increased incarceration rates. Majority of the California offenders face incarcerations due to drug related offences. Texas has an African-Americans population of approximately 14%, but equally a huge population of the incarcerated inmates of approximately 54%. The table and chart below shows statistical information that compares between population of African Americans in various states of America and those incarcerated in the state’s prisons. States Population of African Americans African Americans Population in Prison Georgia 29% 64% Ohio 12% 52% Iowa 2% 24% Minnesota 3% 37% Wisconsin 6% 48% Illinois 15% 65% Missouri 11% 45% Arkansas 16% 52% Louisiana 33% 76% Mississippi 36% 75% Alabama 26% 65% Tennessee 16% 53% Kentucky 7% 36% Indiana 8% 42% Michigan 14% 55% South Carolina 30% 69% North Carolina 22% 64% Virginia 20% 68% Pennsylvania 10% 56% New York 15% 51% Delaware 19% 63% Maryland 28% 77% Connecticut 9% 47% New Jersey 13% 64% Rhode Island 4% 30% It is evident that crime is far reaching, since incarceration decisions often goes beyond the wrongdoers and affect their communities, races and families. Advertising Looking for report on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why the members of a minority groups such as the African Americans are more prone to crime related arrest compared to their White Americans counterparts is a question that requires comprehensive research study. The differences of crimes between these two racial groups have a stronger basis on violent crimes, such as the homicide cases (Laurence, 2009). U.S. citizens of the African American origin are more associable to crimes against persons, which include v iolence as opposed to property crime or public-order crimes that have a link to illegal activities such as gambling or prostitution. Generally, in all states of America, the African Americans comprise of an approximate 13 % of the entire population and nearly as much African American face conviction as the white Americans. Factors Influencing the Contribution of Racial Differences in American Prisons Historically the African Americans residing in U.S. often faced discriminatory treatments and this made them more prone to prosecution over crimes compared to their White counterparts (National research Council, 2010). Resent administration is more attentive to discrimination cases and activist groups as well as media are equally quick to point out prejudiced cases especially those associated to the administration. For this reason, current research over the causes of the huge numbers of African Americans behind bars lack a proper connection to aspects of discrimination. Assessments ov er the huge differences between the two groups in the criminal justice system are thus quite difficult and the existing distinctions therefore depend on other factors beside discrimination. Some of these factors may be prior assails by the offender or severity of the offence. Due to difficulties involving discrimination cases during arrest, indictment or ruling, some analytical procedures can indicate possibilities of causes such as comparison between criminal and victims of similar crimes. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on African Americans in America’s Prison Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What are the racial compositions of various crimes offenders such as violence compared to racial distribution of victims who suffer similar criminal attacks? This comparison however presents some hypothetical results and a rough comparison of crimes. Other related factors may contribute to the racial differ ences such as involvements in the justice system, influences by neighbourhoods, lifestyles, education backgrounds and economic status. A huge population of the African Americans receive poor payment in the official job markets, and therefore their poor earnings force them to seek other means of earning more income such as drugs trade or violence (National research Council, 2010). The legal income of the low–skilled persons especially the African Americans continues to deteriorate due to current economic crisis causing them to engage illegal activities to compensate the poor paying legal jobs. The policies implemented on matters concerning crime also have a huge influence over the numbers of African Americans in prisons since these policies influence different opinions over engagement in criminal activities, victimization and types of punishment ruled over perpetrators. Differences involving judges’ verdict and law enforcement procedures often fall upon racial dissim ilarities. Involvements in minor crimes are also habitual influences of other related major criminal activities. African Americans are often involved in public-order crimes such as drugs trade and prostitution to boost their income. The crime involvements lead to other non-drug crimes such as violence and crimes against humanity, which lead to imprisonment.Advertising Looking for report on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other possible cause concerns poor representation in the judiciary systems. There are varying racial and poor ethnic representation among members of the criminal justice system, and this can easily lead to discrimination in favour of a certain race. Legitimacy of a system occurs when there is equality and transparency. According to the National Institute of Justice (2001) report, current U.S. administration is keen on equal representation by implementing policies that balance crime report departments to cater for diverse populations. Despite the good efforts on the prisons and police department, the judiciary still lacks fair representation. Due to the various historical recordings regarding the issue of discrimination, African Americans still have the notion that legal systems will always act against their operations, thus the need for them to react against the harsh and unjust treatments. They often repel the criminal justice systems and the administration in protest against their arrests but end in prisons due to their crime to fight crime perception (Bureau of Justice Statistic (BJS), 2009). According to Bureau of Justice Statistic (BJS) (2009), African Americans are seven times more likely to face incarceration compared to white Americans, especially among young men particularly those who have had little or no education. The statistics also indicate that majority of the young African American men, who have only achieved high-school education levels are or have been to prisons. There is a collapse of the urban market for the low-skilled earners, thus the emergence of job-less ghettos. The lack of industrialization lures the young men into criminal activities to support their basic obligations. Even though the rehabilitation programmes in prisons produce skilful people, reformed criminals cannot desist from further crimes due to lack of resourceful support by the government, to access stable jobs or incorporate the learnt skills to generate better i ncome. Historical Analysis of the African-American racial Existence As per the history (Takaki, 2008), indicated that African-Americans came to America back in 1619 as servants hired under an agreement but ended up as slaves. According to Takaki, slavery originated as a hidden agenda. The Americans were concerned with the racial significance but the consequences were evident during the nineteenth century when there was political debate over slavery. On a close reference to Takaki’s writing, African Americans must have been great contributors to the economy due to their labour forces. Although the debate almost drowned the nation, the issue of African Americans segregation was still evident through their civil rights associations to push for equal civil rights and social ranks particularly in the judicial system. African Americans actually had a minority group-representation in the system, but their struggle had a huge impact over the America’s social, political and moral vision for liberation. From his confinement, Martin Luther king expressed his concern over freedom and fought for civil rights, which is evident of the America’s fate today. According to Takaki (2008), African Americans have hugely contributed to America’s ethnical and racial diversity. One example of institutional discrimination illustrated in Takaki writing (2008), include the cruelty one man African American origin had to undergo of being denied lecture classes at Harvard Medical School due to complaints from some of his white fellow students. This was a clear indication of possible emergence of discriminatory statistics in prisons. Conclusion America is drastically changing from the original concept of racial discrimination that saw many Africa Americans incarcerated by the unjust judicial system where there was no equality of rights. Democracy and transparency of the justice system makes people to realize their sense of belonging and importance of a united n ation. Perplexity has carried away most Americans such that their national identity and its future are more important than racial differences. Racial diversity is also allowing people to include different groups’ viewpoint and understanding. There is ample need for the existing racial groups to develop a way of learning, understanding, appreciation and accepting each other’s differences. This would involve acceptance of different cultures, historical backgrounds and economic differences as the only way to improve high imprisonment of people from a particular group. The future of America with regard to racial imprisonment depends on value for the country’s image. America belongs to many races or groups and a system that represents different people is the best change for the United States. References Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). (2009). Ensuring the quality, credibility, and relevance of U.S. justice statistics. New York, NY: National Academies Press Lau rence, E. R. (2009). Bureau of Justice Statistics Funding to States to Improve Criminal Records. Pennsylvania, PA: DIANE Publishing National Institute of Justice. (2001). Crime and Criminal Justice reports, New York, NY: annual report. National research Council. (2010). Strengthening the National Institute of Justice. Committee on Assessing the Research Program of the National Institute of Justice. New York, NY: National Academies Press. Takaki, R. (2008). A different Mirror: a History of Multicultural America. Britain: Back Bay and Co. This report on African Americans in America’s Prison Systems was written and submitted by user Haylee W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Musical Themes in Conan the Barbarian

Musical Themes in Conan the Barbarian Thesis statement Those who had been introduced to the history of cinematography are well aware of the fact that, even before the beginning of a ‘talkie’ era, musical accompaniment played rather important role in highlighting movies’ semantic significance. As it was pointed out by Gianetti, ‘(prior to 1927) In the large city theaters, full orchestras provided atmospheric background to the visuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Themes in the Film Conan the Barbarian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In small towns, a piano was often used for the same purpose.’[1] Nevertheless, it was namely after sound became integrally incorporated into movies’ representational matrix that the full potential of utilizing musical scores in cinematography was revealed, especially in the case of classically edited films. The reason for this is simple – given the fact that in classic ally edited movies, directors strive to ensure the semiotic plausibility of every single scene as their foremost objective; it naturally predisposes them towards emphasizing takes’ psychological integrity. And, the best way to accomplish it is to represent characters’ behavioral three-dimensionality as being dialectically predetermined – that is, to show the qualitative essence of characters’ existential mode as such that correlates with the affiliated environment/background. The utilization of appropriate musical themes comes particularly helpful in this respect, as it substantiates the realness of film’s themes and motifs, reflected in the manner of how characters react to life’s challenges. In this paper, we will aim to explore earlier articulated thesis at length, while referring to John Milius’s 1982 famous film Conan the Barbarian, featuring musical score by Basil Poledouris, as we believe that this film represents a particularl y notable example how the utilization of thematically appropriate music in cinematographic work can endow it with an aura of historicity – hence, ensuring its cult status. Analytical part The viewing of Conan the Barbarian leaves very little doubt as to the fact that, semantically speaking, the conceptual genre of this movie closely relates to the genre of Scandinavian sagas, which glorify the virtue of physical strength while exposing it as being deeply affiliated with corresponding psychological traits of courageousness, loyalty and one’s commitment to its sense of duty. Therefore, it comes as no particular surprise that the themes and motifs, contained in Milius’s film, endorse essentially Nordic outlook on surrounding realities, the qualitative essence of which is being defined by an ongoing confrontation between Good (Light) and Evil (Darkness).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More While referring to the subtleties of movie’s plot, Saunders states, ‘It is immediately clear who the villains of this piece are supposed to be†¦ atavistic, bestially inclined black man, who worship the Edenic serpent, as opposed to Conan’s ‘Crom,’ a singular, anthropomorphic Norse-type deity.’[2] Apparently, while composing music for Conan the Barbarian, Poledouris never ceased being aware of what accounted for Wagnerian operas’ immense popularity in Western ecumene – namely the fact that the motifs of these operas corresponded rather well with the workings of White people’s archetypical psyche. The same can be said about the music of John Williams, featured in Star Wars space opera – just as it being the case with Poledouris’s musical themes, written for Conan the Barbarian, Williams’s music invokes White people’s subconscious belief in ever-present dualit y of life’s emanations and in the eventual triumph of quality over quantity. According to Paulus, ‘Both of them (Wagner’s operas and Williams’ musical scores) deal with largely mythological themes†¦ In both of them we find a clear division of leitmotifs into Good (Light) and Bad (Darkness) themes.’[3] Therefore, it is not only that in Conan the Barbarian Poledouris’s themes provide a musical background to unfolding of the plot, but also validate plot’s soundness, which in its turn is being concerned with exploring the motif of a single hero coming out a winner from confrontation with impossible odds. As it was noted by Gianatti in the book from which we have already quoted, ‘Beginning with the opening credits, music can serve as a kind of overture to suggest the mood or spirit of the film as a whole.’[4] This is exactly the role that the Prologue theme fulfills in Conan the Barbarian. Despite the fact that this theme only features an ominously sounding drumbeat, it nevertheless establishes an objective precondition for viewers to be implanted with a sensation that they are about to watch a highly epical story of one’s rise to power (00.00.02). Narrator’s introductory monologue, ‘Let me tell of about the days of high adventure’ (00.01.30) strengthens this impression even more – from the very beginning of a movie, viewers’ exposal to the Prologue theme, helps them to adopt a proper cognitive mood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Themes in the Film Conan the Barbarian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Just as it is being the case with most Faustian (Western) heroes, the character of Conan is being initially represented emanating innocence. This is exactly the reason why the pitch, tone and timbre of the beginning of Riddle of Steel theme, which provides a musical background to the sce ne in which young Conan is shown fishing (05.58.00), is best described as rather subdued. Nevertheless, as movie progresses further, the scene of inhabitants of Conan’s village taking care of their domestic affairs gets to be abruptly replaced with the scene of Doom riders advancing towards the village (00.07.11). The sheer sensation of danger, emanated by this particular scene, is being acoustically replicated by corresponding Riders of Doom theme, which radiates the spirit of a military action – cruel, prompt and decisive. After Conan gets to be sold into slavery by evil Thulsa Doom, he is being led to the Wheel of Pain, in order to be chained up to it and to push the handles of this wheel 24/7, so that the wheel could be rotating non-stop, regardless of the time of the year or weather. The watching of this scene is absolutely crucial for anyone who wants to gain an insight into what constituted Conan’s psychological makeup – apparently, director wanted to emphasize the fact that Conan was not born a ‘natural fighter’ but was turned into a fighter by being subjected to the years and years of systematic abuse, which nevertheless did not break Conan spiritually. The listening of correlative Wheel of Pain theme (00.15.10) legitimizes audiences’ perception of Conan as a surrogate-Jesus, who was gaining strength while being humiliated. Just as it is being usually the case in Wagnerian operas, the beginning of this theme features clearly melodic but rather subdued and monotonous sounding, supplemented by a muffled drumbeat. Nevertheless, as it unravels, the theme begins to sound ever more emotionally intense and eventually reaches its heroically sounding climax in the scene when grown up Conan lifts up his head in rather defiant manner (00.16.33). Thus, the implications of this particular musical theme are quite clear – it substantiates viewers’ initial perception of Conan as ‘hero in makingâ€⠄¢. As Spottiswood had put it, ‘Musical leitmotifs act as emotives and assist the visual film towards insight into the characters they are attached to.’[5] This is why, despite the fact that throughout movie’s entirety Conan does not talk very much, viewers recognize his act as being rationally motivated.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The validity of an earlier statement can also be explored in film’s consequential parts that feature Poledouris’s music playing in the background. For example, in the scene where Conan and his friend Subotai walk through the town (00.37.59), the beginning of a corresponding Civilization theme appears slightly atonal, which was meant to highlight Conan’s attitude towards Eastern exotics that he associates with the absence of a fresh air. Yet, once Conan and Subotai again find themselves in the middle of open plains, the music adopts back its epic sounding (00.38.09). Consequently, viewers are being provided with an additional clue as to the essence of Conan’s existential identity as someone who simply cannot be corrupted and who appreciates freedom above all. At the same time, given the fact that Conan the Barbarian is classically edited movie, it would be wrong to think of Poledouris’s music in the film as such that serves the purpose of accentuati ng characters’ psychological identity alone. In the same scene that we have already mentioned, the inclusion of Civilization theme helps to ensure the linear continuity between scene’s takes. Such our idea connects well with Gorbman’s suggestion that the inclusion of appropriately sounding musical scores in films does help viewers to become a part of cinematographic action, ‘The musical score can act to promote continuity or to punctuate, as well as to comment on emotional states in the dramatic action.’[6] For example, without Poledouris’s music playing in the background, the consequential shots of Conan eating some rotten meat off the stick (00.37.54), giving mean looks to bystanders (38.03.00), and then running through the open fields (00.38.09) would make little rational sense. As a result, this would undermine film’s time-related integrity. Nevertheless, the fact that, while being exposed to these shots, viewers simultaneously get to listen to Civilization theme, provides them with the sensation of ‘time compression’ – even though these shots are being flashed on the screen for duration of only few seconds, we get to perceive them as being rather spatially extended. In his book, Gianetti had made a perfectly valid point while suggesting that the role of music in films is being also concerned with helping viewers to orient in the actual settings, ‘Certain kinds of music can suggest locales, classes, or ethnic groups.’[7] In the scene where Conan sneaks into the Church of Serpent (00.43.44), there is the Serpent theme playing in the background that feature clearly defined Oriental undertones. Thus, by being exposed to this theme, viewers do not only gain a better understanding of the locale, where action takes place, but they are also being implanted with a sense of alienation from this specific locale as something inheritably wicked. In its turn, this helps to substantiate fil m’s conceptual premise as to the fact that it is namely one’s willingness to assess surrounding reality through the lenses of euro-centric rationale, and not through the lenses of some primeval mysticism/spirituality (as it is usually the case with non-Whites), which establishes objective preconditions for such individual to come as a winner out of confrontation with evil. The same can be said about the Orgy theme, the sounding of which provides contextual integrity to the scene in which Conan and his friends make an unwelcomed appearance in Thusla Doom’s actual headquarters, inside the Mountain of Doom (01.27.58). There can be very little doubt that the sounding of this particular theme is being reminiscent to the sounding of Catholic chants. In its turn, this helped Milius to subtly promote his outlook on just about any Eastern religion (such as Christianity, for example) as being spiritually alien to physically and mentally healthy White males, embodied by th e character of Conan. Apparently, it was not simply an accident that movie’s opening credits feature Friedrich Nietzsche’s famous statement: ‘that which does not kill us makes us stronger’. In his article, Pecora points out to the fact that Milius had conceived Conan the Barbarian as ideologically engaged movie, ‘His (Nietzsche’s) name will come up in the most unlikely contexts - quoted suddenly by avowed ‘Zen fascist’ John Milius at the opening of his Conan the Barbarian.’[8] In all probability, it was Nietzsche’s anti-religious stance that attracted Milius to his philosophy and had consequentially prompted him to utilize Poledouris’s musical score to mock Christianity as the religion of decay and corruption. After all, Poledouris himself had never made secret of his fascination with Nietzsche’s philosophical insights. As we have stated earlier, when assessed from structuralist point of view, Conan th e Barbarian closely reminds Scandinavian epic sagas. Therefore, it is quite explainable why film’s climax is being shifted towards its very end, when Conan indulges in the battle with Doom Riders and consequentially decapitates Thulsa Doom – hence, attaining the Nietzschean status of a ‘lion-child’. This also explains why Battle of the Mounds theme, featured as the musical background to this particular scene, is the most memorable of all. Unlike what it is being the case with the rest of Poledouris’s music, presented in the film, the movements of Battle of the Mounds theme match Conan’s act with perfect exactness. At the beginning of a scene, where Conan and his friends are being shown making preparations for the battle, the corresponding theme emanates the feeling of an anticipation – there is not that much of an actual music but largely the rhythmical drumbeat, supplemented by symphonic elements (01.46.19). Nevertheless, as soon as D oom Riders show up on the horizon, the symphonic overtones of a theme begin to sound progressively louder (01.48.30) – hence, signifying the sheer ferociousness of Thulsa Doom’s cavalry charge. The scene culminates when, after having waited for Doom’s horsemen to approach, Conan hits the closest rider in the belly with his axe (01.49.39), which is being immediately followed by a dramatic rise in the affiliative theme’s tone and pitch. It is needles to mention, of course, that while editing this particular scene, Milius succeeded rather spectacularly with conveying movie’s foremost message to the viewers: ‘All that matters is that few stood against many. That is important’ (01.49.03). And, the fact that in Conan the Barbarian Poledouris’s compositions provide a musical background to the action on the screen, had helped him enormously in this respect. Conclusions The earlier conducted analysis of what accounts for the significance of Poledouris’s music in Milius’s movie, allows us to come with the following set of conclusions, regarding the discussed subject matter: The foremost role that Poledouris’s musical score appears to play in Conan the Barbarian is being concerned with prompting viewers to assess the implication of a screen-action through the lenses of existential idealism – that is, by being exposed to this music, viewers are expected to eventually adopt Milius’s heroic life-philosophy as their own. Given clearly Wagnerian sounding and stylistic refinement of Poledouris’s music, we can safely assume that Milius had largely succeeded in that. In Conan the Barbarian, the function of Poledouris’s music is also being concerned with substantiating the psychological plausibility of characters’ behavior. Given the fact that the foremost aesthetic feature of film’s music is the sheer extent of its dramaticism, it comes as no surprise for the vi ewers that, throughout movie’s entirety, the character of Conan acts in essentially heroic manner. In Milius’s film, music is also being utilized to invoke a variety of unconscious anxieties, in regards to one’s physical appearance, deep within viewers’ psyche, which in its turn, prompts them to consciously subscribe to the idea that the notion of physical beauty/strength and the notion of intellectual integrity derive out of each other. Poledouris’s musical score, featured in Conan the Barbarian, makes it easier for the viewers to follow the unfolding of the plot, as it encourages them to think of plot’s developments as being dialectically predetermined. We believe that the conclusions, we have come up with, confirm the validity of paper’s initial hypothesis as to the fact that the utilization of thematically appropriate music in movies helps directors to increase these movies’ aesthetic appeal to the broader audiences, which in its turn, results in ensuring the concerned films’ commercial success. Reference List Conan the barbarian. video recording. 20th Century Fox. 1982. Giannetti, L, Understanding movies, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001. Gorbman, C, ‘Music as Salvation: Notes on Fellini and Rota’. Film Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, 1975, pp. 17-25. Paulus, I, ‘Williams versus Wagner or an attempt at linking musical epics’,  International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 31, no. 2, 2000, pp. 153-184. Pecora, V, ’Nietzsche, genealogy, critical Theory’. New German Critique, no. 53, 1991, pp. 104-130. Saunders, D, Arnold: Schwarzenegger and the Movies, I.B. Tauris, London, 2009. Spottiswoode, R, A Grammar of the film: An analysis of film  technique, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962. Footnotes L Giannetti, Understanding movies, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001, p. 209. D Saunders, Arnold: Schwarzenegger and the M ovies, I.B. Tauris, London, 2009, p. 51. I Paulus, ‘Williams versus Wagner or an attempt at linking musical epics’. International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 31, no. 2, 2000, p. 158. Gianetti, p. 222. R Spottiswoode, A Grammar of the film: An analysis of film technique, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962, p. 193. C Gorbman, ‘Music as Salvation: Notes on Fellini and Rota’. Film Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, 1975, p. 17. Gianetti, p. 223. V Pecora, ’Nietzsche, Genealogy, Critical Theory’. New German Critique, no. 53, 1991, p. 104.

Global Politcal economy - To what extent can free trade be viewed as Essay

Global Politcal economy - To what extent can free trade be viewed as beneficial to economic development Use specific examples to support your answer - Essay Example World Trade Organizations (WTO) , European Commission, US Trade Representative and Fronning, 2005 are all conclusive that countries derive benefits. Free trade encourages growth and jobs since lowering trade barriers is good for employment. However, it is noted that as trade expands ,some jobs are lost because of technology and competition from imports. In terms of job creation, EU Commission calculates that the creation of its single market meant 300,000 to 900,000 jobs to be created. Job prospects are enhanced in companies involved in trade. WTO reports 12 million people in the United States owe their jobs to exports; 1.3 million well paying jobs were created between 1994 and 1998. In Mexico, best jobs are those related to export activities, workers of sectors that export 60 percent of its production or more are paid 39% higher than the rest in the economy and those working in in-bond assembly plants are paid 3.5 times the Mexican minimum wage. Free trade brings competence in the system. It helps cut costs because of rules involved. For instance, when there is no free trade, different tariffs and duties are imposed; and if you were an importer of parts for your own production, it would be difficult to calculate different tariff rates charged on imports, thus buying would be very difficult. So in this aspect, free trade brings simplification and standardization of procedures, transparency, and increased certainty on trading conditions. Free trade discourages lobbying in the sense that governments are protected from lobbying of interest groups. For instance when a pressure group asks for protectionism, government can safely reject it on the basis of free trade agreements. Free trade encourages good governance since the rule reduces opportunities for corruption. Take for example quota system as a trade barrier. The quota system is the allocation of a specific amount for import or export. This system is prone to corruption because it

Is There Enough Food to Go Around Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Is There Enough Food to Go Around - Essay Example Abundance best describes the quantity of food supply in the world today. The rate of food production has increased tremendously (Einarsson, n. pag). Despite having enough food for everybody on earth, unfortunately, some people still go hungry. This is extremely shocking more so in the developing countries where hunger is being experienced in the face of ample amount of food. It is noted that even the countries that are considered the most devastated by hunger do have enough for all its citizens. If these countries export more of their agricultural products than they do import, then they end up suffering from food insecurity (www.whale.to). The world today has demonstrated over-reliance on corn as a source of calories. Corns are used in preparing almost every single diet in the menu. Additionally, it has proved to be the most productive crop across the world. Its seeds are edible while its stalks are detrimental in generation of biogas, feeding animals and manures. This simply tells us that we cannot do without it in everyday part of our lives. Therefore, corn meals become part of daily human diet. The overdependence on this crop has led to the development of genetically modified corn to speed up the production so that it can match the demands globally. Genetically modified products are associated with health problems hence corns that are modified are not good for human health if over consumed. With increased production, the environment becomes over utilized leading to nutrient depletion in the soil (Misselhorn et al.,

Gel electrophoresis Essay Example for Free

Gel electrophoresis Essay The explosion of molecular biology techniques that began in the mid-1970s (and continues today) has provided tools to examine the physical structure of DNA, its nucleotide sequence and how genes are read and regulated. One key tool is the ability to visualize DNA molecules and determine their length by using a technique called gel electrophoresis. Introduction to gel electrophoresis In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move through a porous matrix made of agarose, a gelatin-like substance purified from seaweed. The agarose is melted like Jell-O and then poured into a plastic tray to harden into a slab called a gel. A plastic comb inserted at one end while the gel is hardening forms wells where DNA samples can be placed. The DNA is mixed with a loading buffer that contains glycerol—this makes it heavier than water, so it will sink to the bottom of the well. The gel is then covered with a buffer solution that can carry electric current, and electrodes are placed at each end of the gel and connected to a power supply. Because DNA is negatively charged (each nucleotide has a negatively charged phosphate attached to it), it will move toward the positive electrode. Larger molecules move through the agarose more slowly, while smaller ones  can slip through the pores faster. So, the fragments wind up arranged in order according to size, with the smaller ones having moved farther toward the positive pole. Figure 47 shows an example. Because the DNA is invisible, the loading buf fer also contains two dy e s : bromophenol blue (a small dye molecule that behaves like a DNA fragment about 600 bases long) and xylene cyanol (a larger dye that acts like a DNA fragment of about 4000 bases). These dyes form lines that give you an idea of how far your DNA has moved. Some loading buffers also have a third dye, behaving like a very small DNA molecule (50 bases or so). As the DNA migrates, the different fragments will form bands; each band is composed of many identical copies of a particular-size piece of DNA (you can’t do gel electrophoresis with one DNA molecule: you need millions or billions of identical molecules). The last step is to make the DNA bands visible, using a fluorescent molecule that inserts between the bases in the DNA helix. We use a commercial loading buffer called EZ-Vision which includes the fluorescent molecule, so the gel is already stained when it’s done running. Another method is to soak the gel in ethidium bromide after running it. Either way, the bands can be seen using ultraviolet light and photographed to make a permanent record. Sample preparation Of course, gel electrophoresis requires some kind of DNA sample—a plasmid, a PCR product, a segment of a chromosome, etc. If the molecule is circular, enzymes are used to cut the DNA (see the section on restriction digestion, page 87), because circular molecules can be either tightly or loosely coiled and don’t wind up at the same place on a gel as a linear molecule of the same size. Whatever your sample is, it must be mixed with loading buffer (containing glycerol and dyes, as described above) before electrophoresis. Add a volume of loading buffer equal to 1/5 the volume of your sample and mix it well before loa

China Men - The Brother in Vietnam Essay -- Maxine Hong Kingston China

China Men - The Brother in Vietnam In her tale, "The Brother in Vietnam," author Maxine Hong Kingston relates the drastic misinterpretation of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" on the part of the "brother's" students. It is clear to the reader that their disillusioned thoughts and ideas of the world were instilled in their vulnerable minds by their own parents at young ages, an occurrence that still takes place in our society today. In his account of the situation, the brother first clearly makes a note that these confused and suspicious students comprise not one of his elementary classes, but rather his only non-remedial class. From this he is evidently implying that one would expect a heightened ability to understand and more accurately analyze the power and beauty of great literature on the part of the students. Thus from the beginning, the reader is alerted to the fact that their confusion is not due to the difficulty of the material, but rather is the product of some underlying factor. In this way the students perceive this Shakespearean tragedy as a horror story, the mere thought of it shadowed in their minds by fear. They see the Montagues and Capulets as families driven mad; Verona as a plague-infested country where killing and marriage take place in dark regions alike. They infer from it that young love is dangerous, and by reading of a suicide made possible by a potion that was initially inten ded to preserve tender love instead of stealing it, their notions that there is evil in everything seem to be confirmed. The brother, frustrated and upset, is unable to "shift the emphasis" that the play has left on these youths, and he feels... ...protective shield around their children. Do they really believe this is to the benefit of our youth? It is understandable to want to protect children from unnecessary evils, but sometimes in constructing walls around their worldly vision they are in all actuality cutting their children off from reality. It is so much healthier and helpful to confront these issues head-on, rather than trying to skirt around them. In fact, in the long-run, as can be seen through the misinterpretation of "Romeo and Juliet" by the students, such avoidance of the matter at hand will often prove more harmful in the development of young minds. Through the various misconceptions of the children in her short story, "The Brother in Vietnam," Maxine Hong Kingston allows her reader to see just how necessary truth is to the vulnerable minds of our youth.

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Fast Food Restaurants Affecting Obese Children Fast food restaurants have been around for ages from McDonalds to Wendy's. All have been giving processed foods to people for very low prices. Some say fast food restaurants are the only reason for Obesity, some say fast food is the perfect combination of food and low prices. Obesity has majorly increased since the early 1970's and so has the amount of fast food restaurants. They have even expanded close to schools. When fast food restaurants are too close to schools they affect the student's weight.More and more restaurants are putting the nutritional facts in the menu, changing people's minds about what they eat. With these arguments you can see that it's obvious fast food restaurants cause obesity. Fast food restaurants have grown in popularity, size and distribution. With its popularity growing drastically, the percentage of children from the ages 6-19 that are obese has increased from 5 to a whopping 17 percent since the early 1970' s! with the years going by, more and more children are getting overweight because of fast food restaurants.Fast food restaurants are sometimes too close to high schools affecting the students weight and eating habits. If during class you look out the window and see a fast food restaurant it's hard to resist the temptation. Although only 7 percent of fast food places are within a tenth of a mile 65% are within half a mile. Also listing nutritional facts changes peoples food choices in McDonalds especially. When fast food restaurants list these facts it increases the likelihood of parents choosing healthier food choices.Researcher Dr. Pooja Tandon from the Department of general paediatrics at the University of Washington in Seattle, when parents have the nutritional facts about the food they choose 100 calories less than parents that don't have the info. In low-income areas, the information does not affect the parents. So now that you've read these few arguments, don't just forget abo ut it do the right thing. Make a decision and stick to it before more people get stuck on fast food.

PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF INDIAN ENGINEERING GOODS EXPORTS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7153 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER II PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF INDIAN ENGINEERING GOODS EXPORTS INTRODUCTION The importance of exports to economic development has been well documented in empirical as well as theoretical literature. A number of studies have examined how exports are beneficial for economic development of an economy. A common point among them is that, exports may lead to greater capacity utilization, economies of scale, incentive for technological improvement and efficient management due to competitive pressure abroad. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF INDIAN ENGINEERING GOODS EXPORTS" essay for you Create order The interest in the relationship between exports and economic growth has led to emergence of two schools of thought, namely export led growth (higher export leads to higher economic growth). Although India has been following an import substitution strategy for long, exports promotion has always got the attention of the policy-makers and planners. Export promotion strategy became more pronounced in India particularly after the new economic policy (NEP) of 1991. It is a fact that although Indias share in world exports is less than 1 per cent today, its share in total GDP of the country is more than 11 per cent which is a substantial percentage that can play an important role in ushering faster economic development to the country. Exports from India constitute agricultural and allied commodities (10.10%), ores and minerals (5.29%), manufactured goods (73.40%) (Such as engineering goods, gems jewellery, chemical products and so on), crude oil and petroleum products (8.5%) and others (2.64%). Engineering industry has significance to the economic development of the country. Engineering goods industry constitutes the prime mover of industrial growth in Indian economy as it has played a pivotal role in industrial resurgence of India since the advent of independence, especially after the adoption of the Mahalanobis capital goods oriented strategy from the second plan onwards. The following facts highlight the very significance of the Indian engineering industry in Indian economy. The engineering goods industry enjoys 30.5 per cent weight in the index of industrial production, 29.9 per cent share of total investment in all industry, 33.5 per cent share in the value of output of all industry, 37.1 per cent share in valued added by all industry. 30.6 per cent share in employment of all industry, and 62.8 per cent share in number of foreign collaborations (EEPC). Further more, recently it has emerged as a major exporting sector and also provides technical know-how and consultancy services to a number of African and Arabian states. As per the data available for the year 2004-05, engineering industry has emerged as the single largest item of total Indian exports pushing aside gems jewellery export which had been dominating Indian export basket as the single largest item for some time now. Thus engineering industry is reckoned as an engine of economic development and one of the dynamic sectors of the Indian economy. DISTINCTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXPORT EFFORT Indian engineering exports have shown phenomenal growth over many years and are making a distinctive contribution to the overall export effort. The up trend in the export of engineering goods during half a century of our independent existence is a reflection of the progress achieved by the engineering industry over the years. Engineering industry is now exporting an increasingly wide variety of light, medium and heavy engineering goods. Engineering goods exports have grown by leaps and bounds from a mere Rs 5.16 crore in 1956-57 to an impressive and all time high of Rs. 73,800.39 crore in 2004-05. Thus they have grown over many hundred folds in Rupee terms. They have been among the most dynamic elements of Indias exports, and have accounted for the largest increment (in constant prices) of Indias exports during 1960-61 2004-05. Besides, there has been a marked shift in the commodity composition as well as direction of engineering exports over the years. Developed market of the west now accounts for about 40 per cent of the total engineering exports in 2004-05 as against the 9 per cent in 1960-61. The progress of export of engineering goods vis-a-vis total exports from the country for select years can be better judged from Table 1 Table 1 ENGINEERING EXPORTS VIS--VIS TOTAL EXPORTS (in Crores) Rs. Crore Year Total Exports Engg Exports % share of Engg Exports to Total Exports 1956-57 977 5.16 0.5 1960-61 1,011.65 10.31 1.0 1970-71 1,535.16 115.76 7.5 1980-81 6,710.70 874.17 13.0 1990-91 32,552.00 4,245.00 13.0 1996-97 118,817.32 17,481.75 14.7 1997-98 130,100.65 19,580.14 15.04 1998-99 141,603.53 18,444.47 13.10 1999-00 159,288.92 22,154.23 13.91 2000-01 201,684.93 30,887.95 15.31 2001-02 209,729.06 33,193.99 15.83 2002-03 255,799.55 43,625.94 17.05 2003-04 294,143.23 56,802.83 19.31 2004-05 356,795.46 73,800.39 20.68 2007-08 133926.23 2008-09 173801.7 Increase in 2008-09 by 29.77% (Source: Ministry of commerce and industry) DGCIS, KOLKATTA. The figures in Table 1 indicate that engineering goods exports have shown commendable performance on the export front over the years and it is steadily increasing over time. The percentage share of engineering exports in total exports increased from a mere 0.5 per cent in 1956-57 to a respectable 15.3 per cent in 1992-93 and again to 20.68 per cent in 2004-05, emerging as an important and single largest item of export basket in India. All these are a reflection of increased acceptability of Indian engineering products in developed countries market, aggressive marketing strategy, entry into new markets and promotional role of engineering export promotion council and more liberal policies of the Government especially after 1991. Average Annual Growth Rate Engineering exports have been registering a much higher annual average growth rate than total exports during the decades of 1960s, 70s and 90s. The average annual growth rate of engineering as well as all Indias exports is depicted in Table 2. TABLE 2 AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE Period Total Exports Engg. Exports 1956-57 to 1960-61 1.15 19.3 1961-62 to 1970-71 4.64 29.71 1971-72 to 1980-81 16.36 23.99 1981-82 to 1990-91 17.10 16.8 1991-92 to 2000-01 20.083 29.35 2001-02 to 2004.05 17.00 25.59 From Table 2 it is clear that engineering exports had registered an impressive growth rate of 29.71 per cent during 1961-61 to 1971 to 72 which marginally declined during 1971-72 to 1981 to 82. However, engineering exports sharply declined to 16.8 per cent during 1981-82 to 1990-91. This slowdown in engineering exports is accounted for by stagnation of engineering exports during the early 1980s, especially the negative growth rate of -4.78% in the year 1985-86, which was an offshoot of industrial recession on developed countries and near completion of construction activities in Middle East. However, the position improved since 1985-86. Then onwards, engineering exports have grown at a faster rate. Economic liberalization of 1991 was a major boost to the engineering exports. It has opened new vistas, opportunities as well as challenges. A few factors that gave fillip to the development of Indian engineering exports under new regime are: adoption of export policy resolution, conferring priority to exports, recognition and concession to export houses and EPZ, liberalization of imports, relaxation of investment and licensing policies, priority to software and hardware technology parks and so on. It is to be remembered that although there has been a quantum jump in the all India exports after liberalization of 1991, there has been a large slowdown in all India exports since 1995-96. After reaching peak annual growth of 20 per cent in 1995-96, it had slipped to low growth rate in 1997-98 and 1998-99. This slowdown in total exports has in fact affected engineering exports also evident from the figures for 1996-97 and 1998-99. This slow down can be explained by slow growth rate of world export demand, South East Asian financial crisis and consequent overvaluation of Indian Rupee, reducing exports to these countries which account for nearly 15 per cent of the total Indian engineering exports and also reducing the competitive edge of Indian engineering exports in the world market, since some of these countries are major competitors of Indian engineering exports. However, total exports exhibited a sharp turn around since 1999-2000. Bulk of the rise was contributed by a volume increase in exports. This acceleration in exports reflected buoyant global demand coupled with improvement in world commodity prices in 2000 and the revival of world trade following the Asian crisis. Besides various export facilitating measures announced by the Government, significant gains in selected sectors like textiles, engineering goods, electronics goods, chemicals, leather leather manufactures, ores minerals and petroleum products also contributed to this strengthening of exports. The exchange rate of Rupee remained relatively stable in real effective terms during 2000-01 suggesting a broad retention of the competitiveness of Indias exports in global market. ITEMWISE DISTRUBITON OF COMPOSITION Engineering exports now consist of a wide variety of items such as iron steel, machine tools, machinery instruments, manufacture of metals, project goods, Ferro alloys, aluminium products, transport equipment, residual engineering items, management technical services. During the initial period, Indias engineering exports consisted mainly of steel, pig iron based items, consumer products like casting, buckets, drum, tubes, trunks, hand tools, builders hardware, lock, pad lock, steel furniture, aluminium, brass copper utensils, electric fans and batteries. However, over the years there has been substantial diversification in the export of engineering products, especially after the mid seventies. A close look at the change in composition of engineering exports during 1960-61 to 1996-97 highlights the forward march of engineering industry exports. Table 3.a and Graph 1 depict the changing composition of Indian engineering exports during 1960-61 to 1996-97. TABLE 3.a CHANGE IN COMPOSITION OF ENGINEERING EXPORTS (1960-61 TO 1996-97) (US$ Million) Items Year (1960-61) % Share Year (2007-08) % Share Capital Goods 2.70 12.46 1,370.83 32.69 Primary Metals 6.69 30.85 1,406.56 33.54 Non-ferrous Metals 2.89 13.33 309.53 7.38 Consumer Durables 9.40 43.35 928.03 22.13 Management Consultancy Services 0 0 177.54 4.23 Total 21.68 100 4,192.49 100 GRAPH 1 Table 3.b exhibits the percentage of share of major engineering goods, as per the latest data available for 2004-05 TABLE 3.b SHARE OF ENGINEERING GOODS Sr. No. Engineering Goods % Share 01 Machinery and Instrument 21.30 02 Manufacture of Metals 20.00 03 Transport Equipments 17.2 04 Iron Steel bar and primary and semi finished iron steel 22.14 05 Electronics 10.7 06 Non-ferrous metals 4.6 07 Aluminium products 1.10 08 Ferro Alloys 1.11 09 Project Goods 0.29 10 Machine tools 0.98 11 Residual engineering goods 0.42 From table 3 it is understood that there has been marked shift and significant changes in the composition of the engineering exports in last four decades. The most significant change has been in the export of capital goods whose share in total engineering exports increased from 12.46 per cent in 1960-61 to 32.69 per cent in 1996-97, which is a symptom of the marked progress by engineering industry. Thus, capital goods sector presently occupies a pride position. The primary steel which accounted for 30.85 per cent in 1960-61 has marginally increased to 33.54 per cent in 1996-97. On the other hand, the share of non ferrous metals has come down from 13.33 per cent to 7.38 per cent. More significantly, the share of consumer durables has declined from 43.35 per cent in 1960-61 to 22.13 per cent in 1996-97. Lastly, the management and consultancy services that account for zero percentage in 1960-61 has started making its presence felt by contributing around 4.23 per cent in the year 1996-97 . All these show the increasing significance of capital goods exports as well as management and consultancy services, while the significance of non ferrous metals and consumer durables have been reduced. DESTINATION OF INDIAN ENGINEERING EXPORTS Indian engineering products are exported to a large number of developed and developing countries of the world. A close look at the destination of Indian engineering exports shows that there has been substantial diversification in the destination of exports. Up to 1980s, the major destinations of Indias emerging exports were Asia and Africa. However, in the early eighties, the trend has changed substantially with share of Europe, Australia and North America increasing substantially. During the eighties, East European countries emerged as a big market for Indian engineering products, whose share has declined after the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union. Fortunately, this shortfall has been compensated by larger exports to developed countries. Region wise / Country wise export of Indian engineering goods between 1956-57 and 2004-2005 is shown in Table 4 and Graph 2. TABLE 4 DESTINATION OF ENGINEERING EXPORTS : REGIONWISE (1956-57 TO 2004-2005) (Rupees Crore) Region 1956-57 1990-91 1998-99 2004-05 Asia 3.76 (73.9) 975 (27.9) 5681 (30.8) 22041.68 (29.87) Africa 1.2 (23.3) 351 (10.0) 1410 (7.64) 3195.21 (4.33) Europe Zero 1410 (40.3) 4017.07 (21.7) 16680.99 (22.60) N. America Zero 40.00 308.34 (1.67) 834.82 (1.13) Total (incl. Others) 5.16 (100) 3500 (100) 18444.14 (100) 73800.39 (100) Note:- Figures in the brackets show percentage shares Table 4 reveals that there is a steady decline of Indian engineering exports to Asia and Africa from 96.2 per cent in 1956-57 to 34.20 per cent in 2004-05. At the same time, engineering exports to Europe and North America which were less than once per cent in the mid fifties now account for 39 per cent. This is a pointer to the diversification of market for Indian engineering products and growing acceptability of our products in he developed world. The important countries that account for the major chunk of our engineering exports in 2004-05 are: USA (16.4%), UAE (6.60%), UK (5.23%), China (4.80%), Singapore (4.52%), Germany (4.2%), Italy (3.76%), Sri Lanka (2.67%) and Belgium (2.65%). These countries account form more than 50 per cent of Indian engineering exports. Estimate of Indias Exports of Thrust Products in Thrust Markets (Unit: US$ Mn.) Thrust Markets 2004-05 2009-10 Country Imports India Exports Indias Est. Share % India Exports Indias Est. Share % Key Thrust Markets North America USA 313.703 990 0.32% 2.359 0.36% Canada 54.333 25 0.05% 56 0.07% Mexico 12.955 30 0.23% 65 0.36% Europe Germany 116.342 261 0.22% 619 0.27% France 69.292 71 0.10% 172 0.14% UK 84.428 418 0.5% 934 0.61% Italy 48.551 134 0.28% 277 0.32% Asia China 49.345 446 0.90% 1.836 0.80% Japan 24.49 93 0.38% 261 0.58% Thailand 10.173 133 1.30% 278 1.45% UAE 9.313 321 3.45% 1.155 4.43% Singapore 5.016 114 2.27% 322 2.71% Sub-total: Key Thrust Markets 797.941 3.037 8.330 Other Thrust Markets 95.477 326 0.34% 880 0.46% Grand Total: Thrust Product Exports to Thrust Markets 893.418 3.362 0.38% 9.210 0.49% Indias Exports of Thrust Products in other non-thrust markets 1.460 3.809 Indias Exports of Thrust Products to the World (Thrust + non-thrust markets) 4.822 13.019 Est. Total Exports of Engg. Products from India 13.296 27.415 Share of Thrust Product Exports to Thrust Markets in Indias Engg. Exports 25.29% 33.59% ENGINEERING SERVICES THE EYE OF OPPORTUNITY Indian IT industry was evolving -from a low-cost, back office, destination into a preferred supplier of high-end engineering services. And firing the imagination of the Indian IT industry is the huge market opportunity that makes a compelling business case for companies to seriously evaluate the engineering services domain. With the market potential for outsourced engineering services estimated at between $ 7 and 12 billion, Indian vendors have barely scratched the surface. The value of work currently undertaken by these players is estimated to be a mere $ 400-500 million, according to Nasscom. Demystifying engineering services In simple terms, engineering services augment or manage processes associated with the creation of a product or service, as well as those associated with a product or asset. This not only includes design elements of the product or services itself, but also infrastructure, equipment and processes engaged in manufacturing or delivering them. Engineering services outsourcing is the practice of sourcing some or all of a engineering services find applications in verticals such as automative, aerospace, minerals and metals, FB, plastics and paper. Newer verticals are likely to emerge strongly in near future. These include utilities, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. Showing the way Four categories of stakeholders are seeking to exploit the opportunities thrown up by the engineering services market. Engineering services is not just design. Engineering services offers end-to-end services, including conversion, drafting, modelling for product definition, modelling for analysis, product design, analysis, prototyping, testing and validation, tooling and even limited manufacturing of prototypes. PLM refers to the entire product life cycle management after production to see if there are bugs or errors. The errors are then removed. Industry estimates peg the market potential for process engineering, asset management and industrial embedded systems at over $5 billion, taking the total outsourced / offshore market potential to a whopping $ 12 billion. Automative design accounts for a bulk 65-70 per cent of the market, followed by aerospace at 15 16 per cent, and electric/electronic machinery design at 10-12 per cent. Other key vertical segments considered good targets for outsourced engineering services include utilities and pharmaceutical companies. The biggest opportunity within engineering services is the automative segment where the potential offshore outsourceable components close to $ 4. 8 billion. This is followed by aerospace segment with a market potential of $1 billion, construction and heavy machinery space where the potential stands at $ 800 million. The opportunity in the medical segment is about $ 300 million. India leads the outsourcing market when it comes to auto-sourcing with 24 per cent of auto manufacturing giving it the thumbs up for outsourcing. Bigger automotive markets such as China and Mexico lag behind at 15 per cent and 13 per cent respectively, while other locations such as Brazil, Thailand and Philippines corner less than 10 per cent, of the actual outsourcing markets. Opportunities and challenges India is a significant player in the overall offshorable outsourcing market for engineering services in the Asia-Pacific region today, China and Taiwan could emerge as formidable rivals in coming years. Indias advantage lies in its reputation and ability to deliver technology services to global customers at great value and high speed. India also has a tremendous pool of engineering and scientific talent, which can be tapped for the sector. Access to cutting -edge technology through global alliances with product companies, availability of prototyping and testing facilities, and sourcing domain skills through collaboration with the domestic industry are some of the advantages Indian vendors will have. Engineering services involves significant investments in software and design tools, making more investment intensive than vanilla IT services Some areas of application Product Engineering The services offered extend from the early stages of idea generation, through engineering analysis and design, virtual simulation, documentation and conversion, prototyping and production, testing, knowledge based engineering and PLM solutions. Process Engineering Process engineering entails the use of computational tools and techniques at the plant design stage to optimise expenditures Capital or Operational and achieve efficient production of products and services. Plant automation Plant automation broadly comprises engineering design and development of automation systems that facilitate the management and execution of day-to-day production activities and their associated information to be shared across the organisation in real-time for analysis and decision purposes. Specific services offered include Control System Integration; Process and Production Optimisation; Manufacturing Execution Systems. Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) Traditionally asset management services have been restricted to managing the life-cycle cost of assets. However, technology now enables integration of maintenance activities and functions with plant control systems, MES, CAD/CAM, ERP and SCM. Today, EAM services comprise product implementation, monitoring and maintenance, process assessment and re-engineering, interface development and system integration. EAM helps companies manage physical assets production plants, capital equipment, vehicle fleets, and facilities complexes over the complete asset life cycle. In conjunction with powerful reporting and analysis, EAM capabilities enable you to reduce operating costs, better manage capital expenditure, and improve asset utilisation. PROBLEMS OF ENGINERING EXPORTS So far as the paper has dealt with a general scenario of the engineering goods exports that does not mean that engineering goods exports are free of problems. Like any other item of export, engineering goods are also facing a number of problems, prominent among them are discussed below. Stiff Competition Indian engineering exports have been facing stiff competition from other countries. China, Mexico, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Korea which have emerged as the fastest growing engineering export countries provide formidable challenges and fierce competition to Indian engineering exports. And recently, the South East Asian financial crisis which was under way since mid 1997 had put our exports at receiving end due to overvaluation of Indian Rupees, curtailment of Indian import by these countries (this is because 15% of total engineering exports is accounted for by these countries). Therefore, it has reduced the competitive edge of Indian exports in the world market. However, recently there has been tremendous improvement in export performance. This may be attributed to the revival of South East Asian economies, increase in the world export demand, etc. Technological problems Technological competitiveness of Indian engineering goods sector is low. Some of the Indian exporters are still at disadvantage in International market vis-a-vis their counterparts in terms of product design, finish, specific features, performance and raw materials substitutes. India can be product of having the second larges scientific and technical manpower in the world. But his advantage due to high availability of quality engineers and scientists is lost partly due to brain drain and partly due to stagnation of skill sets of scientists and engineers within India. Although Indian firms are capable of achieving high levels of precision, they are unable to provide high quality products due to lack of supporting process, technologies such as precision measuring, material engineering and process control. High cost of Industrial Inputs The engineering industry mainly uses raw materials of domestic origin. The raw materials price index has risen faster than the machinery price index. It is difficult of engineering manufacturers to pass on the rise in prices to the consumers thereby impacting their profitability. Similarly the quality of raw materials is also not up to the international standards and it in turn affects the quality of final products. Barriers Another major problem is protectionism by developed countries. Developed countries have always tried to block the products from developing countries through barriers both tariff and non tariff. Recent hike in the tariff of Indian steel by the US is a case in point. This will definitely affect the steel exports from India. Infrastructural Bottlenecks A recent study by CII and World Bank has found that although India has the advantage of cheap labour, this advantage is nullified by infrastructural bottlenecks. Infrastructural bottlenecks are the major problem hindering both domestic and exports production. The quality of infrastructure (transport, communication, and power) is poor, thus affecting competitive delivery schedule and increasing operating costs. The delivery time of locally made engineering goods in many cases is 1.5 to 2 times longer than in industrialized countries. Companies tend to lose orders on delivery schedule. The inland transport is slow although the rail road density is the highest in the world. The cost of electric power is comparable to that in other nations, but reliability is poor. Overall infrastructure inadequacies are estimated to translate into 5 per cent cost disadvantage of Indian engineering manufacturers vis--vis foreign manufacturers. High Transaction Cost The export transaction costs for Indian engineering goods industry are among the highest in the world. Heavy transactions costs not only increase the prices of the final export products, but also result in inordinate delay in export fulfilment, thus affecting export competitiveness. According to available studies, total cost of transaction of engineering goods in India works out to be around 10 per cent of total export earnings. STRATEGY FOR EXPORT PROMOTION In the light of the discussion of numerous problems faced by engineering exports, it is necessary to evolve a scientific strategy, which should aim not only at consolidating the gains achieved so far but also in promoting higher exports of engineering products. Formulation of such strategy will enable engineering industry to sustain the extreme competition in international market. Various measures envisaged under this strategy are listed below: Engineering EPZs and SEZs There is strong need for establishing separate engineering exports processing zones and export oriented units. A few engineering items with highest potential have to be selected for development in these special processing zones. The locations of the export processing zones are to be identified where there is a large concentration of these items. We have already established general export processing zones as well as agricultural export processing zones. Establishment of separate zones for engineering products will enable them to overcome the problems of infrastructure and raw material shortage. In addition it can attract more foreign direct investment into the production and export of engineering products. Technological Up gradation Up gradation of technology and modernization of plant and equipment are prime requirement for export oriented units. New industrial policy (1991) and various announcements there after as well as export import policy provide a number of incentives such as automatic permission for foreign technology agreements in high priority industries, no permission needed for hiring of foreign technicians, foreign testing of indigenously developed technologies, liberal import of capital goods, raw materials and components, liberal import of second hand capital goods with a minimum life of 5 years without license etc. Further, a number of other steps like offering these units a deferred payment facility for purchase of capital goods and machinery (as this would reduce much of the burden of modernization), partnership with technical institutions like IITs for product adaptation and technological up gradation, accreditation of testing laboratories in India by overseas agencies to enable them to offer test inspection certificate / marking of products etc. can be thought of. Selectivity approach While most of our competitors export a few selected products, we have concentrated on too much products. For instance, China, Mexico, Korea, Hungary, Czechoslovakia which have emerged as fastest growing engineering export countries, it is observed that 85 per cent of engineering export were contributed by fewer product categories as compared to that of India. In 2002, the number of categories contributing to 85 per cent of engineering export for these countries was Mexico 10, Hungary 13, Korea 18 and China 20 while that of India was 26. Facing numerous problems due to lack of raw material and infrastructural deficiencies, most of engineering units can hardly match overseas requirement in terms of technology, quality and cost. In the light of the above, we must concentrate on selected or thrust products and give them a full policy package and incentives and other contemporary inputs required for exports production. The Engineering Export Promotion Council Strategy Paper for growth to engineering exports from 2005-06 to 2009-2010 prepared by A. F. Ferguson Co. had identified 19 engineering products as thrust products for export development. These include : commercial vehicles (luxury buses and high horse power trucks), electric power equipment and parts (transformers and static converters), automobile parts (part of motor vehicles), instruments (medical. surgical instruments, optometry instrument and X-ray equipment), prime iron and steel (flat rolled products of stainless steel), other industrial machinery (printing and processing machines, transmission shafts, electric furnaces), IC engines and parts (compression ignition and electrical ignition type IC engines), electric manufactures (electric filament or discharged lamps), aluminium products (alloyed and unalloyed aluminium ingots, aluminium plates and sheets and strips including electrolytic grade aluminium ingots, aluminium foils, etc), other non-ferrous metal and products (primary copper, FRC cooper, oxyg en free copper, high dimension CC rods [16 mm and above ]), other chemical plant (centrifuge including centrifugal dyers, machinery for working rubber or plastics), electric wires and cables (insulated wires, electric conductors and optical fibre cables, wires and cables of oxygen free copper), heating and cooling equipment (refrigeration and air conditioning including commercial and industrial), tractors and agricultural equipment (tractors, trailers and agricultural machinery), cranes, lifts and winches (parts suitable for pulley tackle, hoists and construction, excavating machinery), industrial casting (moulding boxes for metal foundry, transmission shafts), steel pipes and tubes (seamless pipes and tubes of iron and steel), cutting tools and tubes (seamless pipes and tubes of iron and steel), cutting tools (hand saws and blades for saws of all types, grinding stones and grinding wheels), bicycles and parts (high end bicycle and high end bicycle parts). Market Diversification Till early 1980s, the main destination of engineering exports (about 70%) was Asia and Africa and since then Europe and America emerged as a major destination. And there are a number of markets with high potential for engineering goods exports. EEPC strategy paper has identified 28 thrust markets for those selected thrust products. These are : China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Oman, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Turkey, UAE (Asia), Austria, Belgium Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Europe), Australia, South Africa (Africa), Canada, Mexico, USA (North America), Argentina, Brazil, Chile (Latin America). We must rigorously follow these markets so that a recession in one market would not affect overall export. This may not be an easy task, more so in sophisticated areas like engineering goods. In addition to the visits of delegations abroad for market studies, manufactures of engine ering items should actively participate in international fairs aboard, introduce our manufactured and semi manufactured products to the customers, distributors, dealers, and importers of Indian engineering goods may be invited to visit our engineering factories at as frequent interval as possible. These visits can be arranged by the Engineering Promotion Council and various sub associations of engineering goods / products like Machine Tools Manufacturers Association etc. The Government should render helping hand by extending financial assistance for such visits. Sales Promotion Effort, Prompt Delivery and After Sales Services For furthering the export of engineering products, India must evolve an aggressive sales promotion effort. It can be done through advertisement, trade fairs, specialized trade fairs, brand promotion (Made in India brand), distribution of technical catalogues (giving comprehensive information about our products). Further, commercial intelligence should be made available to Indian exporter as frequently as possible so that they keep updated of the current trends and requirements. The activities of various agencies that provide market intelligence such as EEPC, CII, ITPO, etc. should be coordinated and centralized so that better results are possible. Along with the sales promotion effort, strict adherence to delivery schedules is crucial for the success of Indian engineering exports. As foreign buyers have option to procure their requirement from anywhere in the world, we must ensure that we are accurate more than 100 per cent in timely delivery of our products. The arguments of failure of delivery due to the disrupted sailing, power cuts, strikes or lockouts do not count or provide any leverage to the affected party in a competitive world. Warehousing and total logistic support in overseas market to be provided for timely delivery of our products. Further, after sales services and customer care effort is highly indispensable for the smooth growth of engineering exports. This has been one of the neglected areas in India due to our protected market. Of course, now the environment has changed under the forces of globalization and liberalization and foreign companies are rigorously following after sales services and provide customer care support. Therefore, Indian engineering exporters have also to rigorously follow the after sales services and customer care support. This can be accomplished by customer care centre and providing incentives to overseas collaborations. Support to Small Scale Units Small scale engineering exports still constitute around 40 per cent of total engineering exports. For the continued contribution of these units to the exports sector, they must be provided with the production and exports incentives, support for adoption of latest technology, advisory services, and market support to sustain the competition in the international market. Increasing the investment ceiling and dereservation of major small scale units can go a long way in overcoming the hurdles in the way of modernization and faster growth of these units and hence higher contribution to total engineering exports. Further, adequate finance must be made available to these units. Due to the high risk involved in lending to these units, banks were reluctant to lend to them. Involvement of Large Scale Units Just to reap the economies of scale in production, we must look beyond the domestic market. Although exports can be increased by providing incentives to small scale industrial units (SSI) units, there is limit to growth. There is a need for involving large units in exports activities. The exports intensity figure is still very low in India especially for large units. Hence, it is necessary to gradually increase the exports intensity ratio of Indian products by involving more and more large scale units and exporting more from the existing units. Free Trade Area / Preferential Trade Agreement (FTA / PTA) We must explore the possibility of setting up Free Trade Area / Preferential Trade Agreement with other countries where our exports have largest concentrations. For instance, FTA / PTA with Brazil and Mexico as Latin America represent a fairly large latent market for Indian auto components which will provide a fillip to our engineering exports. Out effort to establish free trade area with ASEAN countries will be a big boost to engineering exports. We have to identify some potential engineering products in these markets and vigorously export them. Joint Venture and Foreign Direct Investment Another area which needs special emphasis is establishment of joint ventures and foreign collaborations in engineering production. It is also imperative to attract more foreign direct investment into the engineering sector. This will enable attraction of more sophisticated technology (which is of utmost importance of high technology products like engineering products), better management technique, modern marketing strategy and exploration of more foreign markets. Penetration of engineering products in developed countries would require good dealer networks, availability of range of products, after sales services etc. This is possible only if MNCs and joint venture units have presence in India on their own or in collaboration with Indian companies. FDI is therefore essential to promote export of engineering products. Indias engineering export basket If we compare China, Mexico, Korea, Hungary, Czechoslovakia which have emerged as fastest growing engineering export countries, it is observed that 85% engineering exports were contributed by fewer product categories as compared to that of India in 2002. The number of categories contributing to 85% of the engineering exports for theses countries was:- Mexico (10 categories, relatively medium technology/ value addition) Hungary (13 categories, relatively medium technology/ value addition) Korea (18 categories, relatively low to medium technology/ value addition) China (20 categories, relatively low technology/ value addition) While in case of Indias engineering exports, top-26 categories accounted for about 85% of Indias exports in year 2002. This is primarily attributed to low value and some medium value and fragmented engineering export product base for our country. Value added products Engineering exports from India currently suffer from low value addition. Typically, exports of engineering products fall in low-value addition category. As seen from the above, currently most of the engineering products exported from India fall in low and low to medium value addition, which leads to thin margins in export markets. As a fall out of this, it can be seen that most of the product categories have reported exports less than US $ 500 Mn. in 2003-04. Of all engineering export categories, Only 2 product categories have exports exceeding US $ 500 Mn. and they are; Prime Iron and Steel (incl. Pig Iron), and Commercial Vehicles The key focus of Indias engineering exports should be to increase exports of higher value-added products instead of intermediate goods/ low-value items. For example, most of the aluminium exports from India are of Ingots and to some extent rolled products. However, exports of value added products like Aluminum Foils, Aluminium rolled sheets of low thickness, and Aluminium Alloy Wheels are insignificant. Degree of value addition is medium to high in certain Capital Goods categories like Commercial Vehicles (especially, in Passenger Cars), Tractor and Agriculture Equipment, Two/ Three Wheelers, Auto Parts, Engines, Compressors and Pumps. In most other categories value addition is low. Focusing on value added products would increase realization of exporters in export markets. Indias objective should be to move towards higher value-added products with focus on increasing total value of exports of the product category in next 5 years viz. 2005-06 to 2009-10. Share of thrust products in Indias engineering products exports In year 2004-05, Indias engineering exports were about US $ 13.29 billion. Of this, share of thrust products (mostly existing thrust products) was about 36% (about 35% in 2003) while other products (i.e. non-thrust products and management/ technical services) accounted for the rest, viz. about 64% of Indias total engineering It is estimated that non-thrust products would account for about 64% of the engineering exports in 2004-05. More than 40 categories would contribute to these exports, which clearly indicates that exports in this segment are fragmented and average value of exports per product category is relatively small in comparison to thrust product categories which are relatively finite in nature (i.e. 19 product categories) that would account for about Hence, in future to achieve significant position in engineering export domain and enhance Indias export performance in this sector, it is important to focus on exports and put significant effort on Thrust Products (about 19 product categories), which are finite in numbers. This would also help in channeling efforts of all stakeholders on various aspects like technology and quality improvement, enhancing scales of operations, creating adequate supply capacity, attracting private investment (including FDI), cluster development, etc. and would enable harnessing true potential of engineering sector in export markets. Thrust markets vis--vis current markets of India Having analyzed the need for increased focus on the Thrust Products vis--vis the current export products basket of India from the point of view of the growth in exports it is equally important to see whether there is inadequate focus on the identified focus markets vis--vis the current export markets of India. Indias share of thrust products imports by thrust markets (which, accounted for about 59% of the world engineering product imports in 2003) was low (typically, less than 1% in most of the thrust markets). Collectively Indias share in world imports of thrust products in existing major thrust markets was under 0.31% in the same year. On the other hand, the markets like Philippines, Chile, Saudi Arabia, etc. wherein India has high share of imports of thrust products, these markets have limited import potential and represented an insignificant percent of world imports of thrust products in 2003. Hence in order to achieve the growth at the target rate of doubling Indias engineering products exports (which amount to a growth rate of about 15% p.a.), there is a need to focus on identified thrust markets and increase in these thrust markets over the next 5 years. Snapshot of Indias share of exports to identified thrust and current markets Top Descriptions for Indias exports of Thrust Products Worlds top importing countries of Thrust Products Countries where India has highest share of Thrust Products Imports Thrust Countries Share of Indias exports of Thrust Products Share in World Imports (%) Thrust Countries Share in World Imports (%) Indias Share (%) in imports of that country Thrust Countries Country share in world imports of thrust products (%) Share of Indias exports in the Countrys Imports of Thrust Products USA 29.19% 20.58 USA 20.59 0.26 Philipinpines 0.00 6.03 China 13.16% 2.65 Germany 7.7 0.18 Chile 0.01 4.2 UK 12.20% 5.65 UK 5.65 0.39 UAE 0.55 3.23 UAE 9.92% 0.55 France 4.62 0.08 Saudi Arabia 0.04 2.25 Germany 7.68% 7.70 Canada 3.83 0.04 Singapore 0.33 2.03 Thailand 4.14% 0.66 Italy 3.26 0.22 Malayasia 0.19 1.46 Italy 3.96% 3.26 China 2.65 0.9 Thailand 0.66 1.13 Singapore 3.67% 0.33 Belgium 1.81 0.15 China 2.65 0.9 Japan 2.76% 1.69 Japan 1.69 0.3 Australia 0.07 0.69 Netherlands 2.24% 1.05 Spain 1.38 0.08 North Korea 0.00 0.67 France 2.09% 4.62 Netherlands 1.06 0.38 Turkey 0.07 0.66 Malayasia 1.57% 0.19 Mexico 0.92 0.17 Hong Kong 0.26 0.50 Belgium 1.54% 1.81 Thailand 0.66 1.13 Iran 0.04 0.48 Hungary 0.86% 0.49 UAE 0.65 3.23 Indonesia 0.15 0.39 Mexico 0.85% 0.92 Hungary 0.49 0.32 UK 5.65 0.39 Canada 0.77% 3.83 Singapore 0.33 2.03 Netherlands 1.05 0.38 Other Thrust Markets 0.00% 0.00 Other Thrust Markets 0 0.5 Other Thrust Markets 0 0.19 Total Thrust Markets 100.00% 55.98 Total Thrust Markets 57.29 0.31 Total Thrust Markets 11.72 0.31 Thrust products and thrust markets matrix The analysis of thrust products and their corresponding thrust markets in the above sections has indicated that Indias engineering exports could grow at a higher rate, by focusing on the correct mix of products and markets. Thus, going ahead, the strategy should be built on the appropriate combination of products and markets. A thrust product and thrust market matrix, for the existing and new products and existing and new markets for the years 2004-05 and 2009-10. Penetration of Indias Thrust Product Exports in Thrust Markets 2004-05 to 2009-10 Thrust Products (All figures in US $000) Existing Thrust Markets % to Indias tot. TP Exp. New Thrust Markets % to Indias totl. TP Exp. Total % to Indias totl. TP Exp. Existing Thrust Markets % to Indias tot. TP Exp. New Thrust Markets % to Indias tot. TP Exp. Total % to Indias tot. TP Exp. Existing 3051820 49.4 232156 3.8 3283976 53.2 8061882 61.9 637822 4.9 8699705 66.8 New 61594 1 16635 0.3 78229 1.3 471174 3.6 39142 0.3 510315 3.9 Total 3113414 50.4 248791 4.1 3362205 54.5 8533056 65.5 676964 5.2 9210020 70.7 Analysis of the above matrix shows that the share of the new products (although small) has started to increase in both the existing and new markets from 2004-05 to 2009-10. But larger volume of exports is seen coming from the existing Thrust Products exports to both the existing markets and new markets. Hence, it would be important to concentrate on Existing Thrust Products in existing and new Thrust Markets in the short term to long term while building competency in new Thrust Products and exporting to existing and new Thrust Markets in the medium term and long term. In existing thrust markets, the growth and increase in market share would come from the share of existing competitors. This is because, the existing thrust markets are developed and would experience lower growth compared to developing economies. There is potential for rapid growth in potential/ new thrust markets, where India has low market share currently. Hence complemented marketing efforts are needed in existing and especially the new markets. Growth rate (CAGR) in Existing and New Thrust Product Exports (2005-10) Thrust Products CAGR% from 2004-05 to 2009-10 based on the largest growth rate of 15% p.a. Existing Thrust Markets New Thrust Markets Total Existing 21.40% 22.40% 22% New 50.20% 18.70% 46% Total 22.30% 22.20% 22% The estimated growth in Existing and New Products growth rate in order to achieve the target growth rate of 15% p.a. in overall Engineering Products Exports from India. As can be seen from the exhibit the thrust products would be required to contribute a higher growth rate of about 20% p.a. over the Strategy term period from 2004- 05 upto 2009-10 so that 15% p.a. overall target growth in exports can be achieved. The growth rate of new Thrust Products is expected to be much higher at 46% p.a. International marketing strategy changing share of Indias thrust products exports in future The share of Thrust Products in Indias Engineering Products exports was at US$ 4.82 billion (36%) in 2004-05. With the targeted growth of 15% p.a. in Indias overall engineering products exports; the share of thrust products is estimated to increase to US$ 13.02 billion (47%) by 2009-10. Exhibit 2.12 shows the changing share of Thrust Products exports in future. Considering the optimistic potential for exports this share is expected to increase to 52% by year 2009-10. Estimated Changing share of Thrust Products Exports as per Target Growth Rate Products 2004-05 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 Estimated Thrust Products Exports from India (US$ Bn.) 4.82 6.18 8.95 13.02 Estimated total Engineering Products Exports from India (US$ Bn.) 13.3 15.54 20.49 27.42 % Share of thrust products Exports 36% 40% 44% 47% CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Engineering industry thus is making substantial contribution to the national development by way of value addition, employment and export. Not only the share of engineering exports has jumped from 0.5 per cent in 1956 -57 to 20.68 per cent in 2004-05 but also there has been a marked shift in commodity composition and direction in the engineering exports. It is observed the engineering exports have recorded a much higher growth rate than total exports in almost all decades. Another noteworthy feature is that importance of capital goods and technical and services has gone up while that of non-ferrous metals and consumer durables has come down. Analysis of destinations of export shows that shares of Asia and Africa have dwindled while that of Europe and North America has increased over the last four decades. Important problems that the engineering exports are facing are: Competition, poor technology, infrastructural bottlenecks, high transaction costs, etc. A few suggestions that may be in order are : Providing more incentive for exports by way of tax exemptions through both tariff and non-tariff measures, diversification of products as well as markets, instilling more competition through liberal import of capital goods and raw materials, developing technological capabilities and adoption of more advanced technology, more active role by EEPC, greater attention to marketing brand building and customer services , improving the quality of the engineering products, timely delivery, setting up of more engineering joint ventures, reduction in transaction cost, strengthening and upgrading of the production potential and export orientation of engineering SSI sector by developing SSI export industry in a dereserved manner, more liberal and flexible labour laws, improved dissemination of information and extension of regional focus in boosting engineering exports to the desired extent. Last but not the least the spirit of understanding and cooper ation between captains of industry and government officials is the need of the hour in the changed business environment under globalisation and liberalization. To compete internationally, there should be strict check over quality and prices and careful monitoring of changing requirement, cost control through constant R D, prompt delivery of sche